Are You Dominated by Your Affects? How and When Do Employees’ Daily Affective States Impact Learning from Project Failure?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Affective States in Organizational Research
2.2. Positive Affective States and Error Management Strategy
2.3. Negative Affective States and Error Management Strategy
2.4. Error Management Strategy and Learning from Failure
2.5. Error Management Strategy, Project Commitment, and Learning from Failure
3. Research Design
3.1. Participants and Data Collection
3.2. Measurement
3.2.1. Positive and Negative Affective States
3.2.2. Error Management Strategy (EMS)
3.2.3. Project Commitment
3.2.4. Learning from Failure
3.2.5. Control Variables
3.3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.4. Testing Validity
4. Hypothesis Testing
4.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Coefficient Test
4.2. Testing Mediating Effects
4.3. Testing Moderating Effects
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Contributions
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Items | Standardized Factor Loadings | CR | AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive affective states | PA1 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.50 |
PA2 | 0.74 | |||
PA3 | 0.70 | |||
PA4 | 0.66 | |||
PA5 | 0.74 | |||
PA6 | 0.60 | |||
PA7 | 0.73 | |||
Negative affective states | NA1 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.51 |
NA2 | 0.78 | |||
NA3 | 0.62 | |||
NA4 | 0.89 | |||
NA5 | 0.75 | |||
NA6 | 0.64 | |||
NA7 | 0.54 | |||
Error management strategy | EMS1 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 0.50 |
EMS2 | 0.62 | |||
EMS3 | 0.68 | |||
EMS4 | 0.69 | |||
EMS5 | 0.70 | |||
EMS6 | 0.72 | |||
EMS7 | 0.52 | |||
EMS8 | 0.74 | |||
EMS9 | 0.64 | |||
EMS10 | 0.74 | |||
EMS11 | 0.82 | |||
EMS12 | 0.54 | |||
EMS13 | 0.70 | |||
EMS14 | 0.62 | |||
EMS15 | 0.78 | |||
EMS16 | 0.74 | |||
EMS17 | 0.83 | |||
Error aversion strategy | EAS1 | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.51 |
EAS2 | 0.73 | |||
EAS3 | 0.78 | |||
EAS4 | 0.57 | |||
EAS5 | 0.73 | |||
EAS6 | 0.62 | |||
EAS7 | 0.72 | |||
EAS8 | 0.59 | |||
EAS9 | 0.86 | |||
EAS10 | 0.63 | |||
EAS11 | 0.88 | |||
Project commitment | PC1 | 0.77 | 0.86 | 0.56 |
PC2 | 0.67 | |||
PC3 | 0.75 | |||
PC4 | 0.71 | |||
PC5 | 0.83 | |||
Learning from failure | LFF1 | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.57 |
LFF2 | 0.57 | |||
LFF3 | 0.69 | |||
LFF4 | 0.80 | |||
LFF5 | 0.84 | |||
LFF6 | 0.84 | |||
LFF7 | 0.83 | |||
LFF8 | 0.71 |
Participating Companies | Non-Participating Companies | t | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 58 | N = 342 | |||||
Means | SE | Means | SE | |||
Industries | 3.09 | 1.45 | 3.02 | 1.42 | 0.34 | 0.74 |
Years of establishment | 18.53 | 6.94 | 19.3 | 5.56 | −0.94 | 0.35 |
Type of companies | 5.48 | 1.41 | 5.09 | 1.76 | 1.88 | 0.06 |
Appendix B. Scales Items Used in Study
- (1)
- For me, errors are very useful for improving the work process.
- (2)
- After an error has occurred, I will analyze it thoroughly.
- (3)
- After an error, I think through how to correct it.
- (4)
- I think a lot about how an error could have been avoided.
- (5)
- If something went wrong, I take the time to think it through.
- (6)
- After making a mistake, I try to analyze what caused it.
- (7)
- My errors point me at what I can improve.
- (8)
- An error provides important information for the continuation of the work.
- (9)
- When an error is made, it is corrected right away.
- (10)
- When mastering a task, I can learn a lot from the mistakes.
- (11)
- When an error has occurred, I usually know how to rectify it.
- (12)
- Although I make mistakes, I don’t let go of the final goal.
- (13)
- When I am unable to correct an error by myself, I turn to my colleagues.
- (14)
- If I am unable to continue my work after an error, I can rely on my colleagues.
- (15)
- When I make an error, I can ask my colleagues for advice on how to continue.
- (16)
- When I make an error, I share it with my colleagues so that they don’t make the same mistake.
- (1)
- I feel stressed when making mistakes.
- (2)
- I am often afraid of making errors.
- (3)
- In general, I feel embarrassed after making a mistake.
- (4)
- I get upset and irritated if an error occurs.
- (5)
- There is no point in discussing errors with my colleagues.
- (6)
- During my work, I am often concerned that errors might occur.
- (7)
- When I make a mistake in the work, the best way is to cover up my mistakes.
- (8)
- I prefer to keep errors to myself.
- (9)
- Employees who admit their errors are asking for trouble.
- (10)
- It can be harmful to make my errors known to others.
- (11)
- I agree with that “Why admit an error when no one will find out”?
- (1)
- I feel fully responsible for achieving the common project goals.
- (2)
- I am proud to be part of the project.
- (3)
- I value this project a lot.
- (4)
- This project has the strong commitment of me.
- (5)
- I committed not only to my teams, but to the overall project.
- (1)
- I am more willing to help others deal with their failures.
- (2)
- I am more tolerant of others’ shortcomings when it comes to projects.
- (3)
- I am a more forgiving person at work.
- (4)
- I have learned to better execute a project’s strategy.
- (5)
- I can more effectively run a new project.
- (6)
- I have improved my ability to make important contributions to a project.
- (7)
- I can “see” earlier the signs that a project is in trouble.
- (8)
- I now realize the mistakes that we made that led to the project’s failure.
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Models | CMIN | DF | CMIN/DF | IFI | TLI | CFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Six-factor model (PA, NA, EMS, EAS, PC, LFF) | 3144.86 | 1391 | 2.26 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.04 |
Five-factor model 1 (PA + NA, EMS, EAS, PC, LFF) | 4101.66 | 1396 | 2.94 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.05 |
Five-factor model 2 (PA, NA, EMS + EAS, PC, LFF) | 4972.57 | 1396 | 3.56 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.06 |
Four-factor model (PA + NA, EMS + EAS, PC, LFF) | 5930.65 | 1400 | 4.24 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.07 |
Three-factor model (PA + NA + PC, EMS + EAS, LFF) | 7233.90 | 1403 | 5.16 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.07 |
Two-factor model (PA + NA + PC, EMS + EAS + LFF) | 8608.21 | 1405 | 6.13 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.08 |
One-factor model (PA + NA + PC + EMS + EAS + LFF) | 9356.29 | 1406 | 6.66 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.09 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Positive affective states | |||||
2 Negative affective states | 0.38 | ||||
3 Error management strategy | 0.38 | 0.24 | |||
4 Error aversion strategy | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.33 | ||
5 Project commitment | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.50 | 0.25 | |
6 Learning from failure | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.74 |
Means | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Gender | 0.77 | 0.42 | |||||||||||
2 Age | 31.65 | 5.50 | 0.04 | ||||||||||
3 Education Level | 4.36 | 0.68 | 0.00 | 0.19 ** | |||||||||
4 Work Tenure | 1.76 | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.69 ** | 0.19 ** | ||||||||
5 Understanding of the Reasons of Failure | 2.93 | 0.96 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.10 ** | −0.08 * | (0.870) | ||||||
6 Positive Affective States | 3.58 | 0.57 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.01 | (0.796) | |||||
7 Negative Affective States | 2.09 | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.12 ** | 0.06 | −0.17 ** | (0.782) | ||||
8 Error Management Strategy | 4.70 | 0.53 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.28 ** | −0.19 ** | (0.885) | |||
9 Error Aversion Strategy | 2.97 | 0.77 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.22 ** | 0.26 ** | −0.14 ** | (0.852) | ||
10 Project Commitment | 4.44 | 0.86 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.07 * | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.23 ** | −0.09 * | 0.39 ** | −0.17 ** | (0.863) | |
11 Learning from Failure | 4.58 | 0.84 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.07 * | 0.19 ** | −0.16 ** | 0.42 ** | −0.18 ** | 0.48 ** | (0.909) |
Variables | Error Management Strategy | Learning from Failure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1.1 | Model 1.2 | Model 1.3 | Model 1.4 | Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | Model 2.3 | |
1 Gender | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.10 |
2 Age | 0.18 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.10 | −0.04 | −0.04 |
3 Education Level | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.13 ** | 0.13 ** | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.08 |
4 Work Tenure | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.02 |
5 Understanding of the Reasons of Failure | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.08 * | −0.07 * | −0.06 |
6 Positive Affective States | 0.26 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.05 | ||
7 Negative Affective States | −0.15 *** | −0.13 *** | −0.13 *** | −0.12 ** | −0.04 | ||
8 Project Commitment | 0.34 *** | 0.35 *** | |||||
9 Project Commitment × Positive Affective States | −0.02 | ||||||
10 Project Commitment × Negative Affective States | 0.07 * | ||||||
11 Error Management Strategy | 0.38 *** | ||||||
12 Error Aversion Strategy | −0.11 ** | ||||||
R2 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.19 |
△R2 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.14 | ||
F | 0.62 | 12.56 | 25.79 | 21.32 | 1.79 | 7.04 | 21.45 |
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Wang, W.; Li, L.; Song, S.; Jiang, W. Are You Dominated by Your Affects? How and When Do Employees’ Daily Affective States Impact Learning from Project Failure? Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060514
Wang W, Li L, Song S, Jiang W. Are You Dominated by Your Affects? How and When Do Employees’ Daily Affective States Impact Learning from Project Failure? Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(6):514. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060514
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Wenzhou, Longdi Li, Shanghao Song, and Wendi Jiang. 2023. "Are You Dominated by Your Affects? How and When Do Employees’ Daily Affective States Impact Learning from Project Failure?" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 6: 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060514
APA StyleWang, W., Li, L., Song, S., & Jiang, W. (2023). Are You Dominated by Your Affects? How and When Do Employees’ Daily Affective States Impact Learning from Project Failure? Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060514