Impulsivity and Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Insights from Novel Methodological Approaches within the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. COVID-19 Stress
1.2. Substance Use
1.3. Impulsivity
1.4. Momentary Assessment
1.5. Objectives and Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Assessments
2.2.1. Coronavirus Perinatal Experiences Impact Survey (COPE-IS)
2.2.2. COVID-19 Community Response Survey (CRS) Module 10—Substance Abuse
2.2.3. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) Impulse Sub-Scale
2.2.4. Mobile Ecological Momentary Assessment (mEMA) Surveys
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Stress Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.2. Trait Impulsivity and Alcohol Use
4.3. State/Momentary Impulsivity and Substance Use
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N (%) |
---|---|
Maternal age (years), Mean + SD | 30.0 ± 5.2 |
Maternal ethnicity: | |
Hispanic/Latina | 37 (53.6%) |
Non-Hispanic/Latina | 32 (46.4%) |
Maternal race: | |
White | 48 (69.6%) |
African American | 2 (2.9%) |
American Indian | 4 (5.8%) |
Asian American | 3 (4.3%) |
More than one race/Other race | 10 (14.5%) |
Race not reported | 2 (2.9%) |
Marital status: | |
Single/Separated/Divorced | 13 (18.8%) |
Married/Cohabitating | 56 (81.2%) |
Maternal education: | |
Less than high school | 15 (21.7%) |
High school/Some college | 17 (24.6%) |
College/Professional degree | 37 (53.6%) |
Currently employed | 46 (66.7%) |
Pregnancy status: | |
Pregnant | 49 (71.0%) |
Postpartum | 20 (29.0%) |
COVID-19 and stress levels | |
Worsened them significantly | 8 (11.6%) |
Worsened them moderately | 43 (62.3%) |
No change | 16 (23.2%) |
Improved them moderately | 2 (2.9%) |
Overall level of stress related to COVID-19 | |
1 (Nothing) | 5 (7.2%) |
2 | 7 (10.1%) |
3 | 13 (18.8%) |
4 | 15 (21.7%) |
5 | 19 (27.5%) |
6 | 6 (8.7%) |
7 (Extreme) | 4 (5.8%) |
Beta Coefficient Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any Alcohol Use | |||||
Baseline Impulsivity | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 1.27 | 0.97–1.65 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −2.08 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.001–0.16 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 1.35 | 0.77–2.36 |
Any Marijuana Use | |||||
Baseline Impulsivity | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 1.15 | 0.94–1.41 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −0.26 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.12–2.92 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.86 | 1.05 | 0.65–1.69 |
Any Nicotine Use | |||||
Baseline Impulsivity | −1.33 | 0.94 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.04–1.67 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −0.28 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 0.07–4.97 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.86 | 1.06 | 0.56–2.00 |
Effect | Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Alcohol Use (89 instances of use; 2110 without use) | |||
Impulsivity | |||
Between | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.15 |
Within | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −7.20 | 1.34 | <0.001 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.20 | 0.42 | 0.63 |
Marijuana Use (46 instances of use; 2152 without use) | |||
Impulsivity | |||
Between | 1.25 | 0.61 | 0.04 |
Within | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.70 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −5.68 | 3.83 | 0.14 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | −0.93 | 1.11 | 0.40 |
Nicotine Use (58 instances of use; 2141 without use) | |||
Impulsivity | |||
Between | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.28 |
Within | −0.01 | 0.19 | 0.95 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −1.08 | 1.07 | 0.31 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.74 |
Effect | Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value | OR | OR 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol Use (89 instances of use; 2110 without use) | |||||
Impulsivity ≥ 10 | 1.02 | 0.39 | 0.01 | 2.77 | 1.28–6.00 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −6.71 | 1.21 | <0.001 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.01 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 1.47 | 0.75–2.89 |
Marijuana Use (46 instances of use; 2152 without use) | |||||
Impulsivity ≥ 10 | 0.36 | 0.92 | 0.69 | 1.44 | 0.24–8.73 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −5.40 | 2.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00–0.33 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.09 | 0.60 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 0.34–3.52 |
Nicotine Use (58 instances of use; 2141 without use) | |||||
Impulsivity ≥ 10 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.44 | 1.62 | 0.47–5.53 |
Pregnant vs. Not | −0.98 | 0.99 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.06–2.61 |
Overall COVID-19 stress | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.61 | 1.20 | 0.59–2.47 |
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Ruyak, S.L.; Roberts, M.H.; Chambers, S.; Ma, X.; DiDomenico, J.; De La Garza, R., II; Bakhireva, L.N. Impulsivity and Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Insights from Novel Methodological Approaches within the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070600
Ruyak SL, Roberts MH, Chambers S, Ma X, DiDomenico J, De La Garza R II, Bakhireva LN. Impulsivity and Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Insights from Novel Methodological Approaches within the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(7):600. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070600
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuyak, Sharon L., Melissa H. Roberts, Stephanie Chambers, Xingya Ma, Jared DiDomenico, Richard De La Garza, II, and Ludmila N. Bakhireva. 2023. "Impulsivity and Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Insights from Novel Methodological Approaches within the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 7: 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070600