Association between COVID-19 and the Risk of Vascular Dementia: A Mendelian Randomisation Study of the Potential Cognitive Sequela of COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Phenotype Definitions
2.1.1. GWAS Data for Exposure Variables—COVID-19 Phenotypes
2.1.2. GWAS Data for the Outcome Variable—Vascular Dementia
2.2. Selection Procedure of Genetic Instruments
2.2.1. Identification of SNPs Associated with COVID-19 Phenotypes
2.2.2. SNP Clumping
2.2.3. Proxy SNPs (If Needed)
2.3. Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Analysis
2.4. Sensitivity Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Eligible Genetic Instruments
3.2. Results of Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Analyses
3.2.1. COVID-19 Infection and the Risk of Vascular Dementia
3.2.2. COVID-19 Hospitalisation and the Risk of Vascular Dementia
3.2.3. Critical COVID-19 and the Risk of Vascular Dementia
3.3. Results of Sensitivity Analyses
3.3.1. COVID-19 Infection and the Risk of Vascular Dementia
3.3.2. COVID-19 Hospitalisation and the Risk of Vascular Dementia
3.3.3. Critical COVID-19 and the Risk of Vascular Dementia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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COVID-19 Phenotype | Method | Number of SNPs | β | SE | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 infection | Inverse variance weighted (main analysis) | 7 | −0.29 | 0.28 | 0.302 |
Maximum likelihood | 7 | −0.30 | 0.28 | 0.281 | |
MR Egger | 7 | −1.01 | 1.08 | 0.391 | |
Weighted median | 7 | −0.09 | 0.35 | 0.800 | |
Weighted mode | 7 | −0.19 | 0.43 | 0.678 | |
COVID-19 hospitalisation | Inverse variance weighted (main analysis) | 6 | −0.12 | 0.12 | 0.345 |
Maximum likelihood | 6 | −0.12 | 0.13 | 0.346 | |
MR Egger | 6 | −0.33 | 0.26 | 0.275 | |
Weighted median | 6 | −0.20 | 0.15 | 0.179 | |
Weighted mode | 6 | −0.25 | 0.17 | 0.197 | |
Critical COVID-19 | Inverse variance weighted (main analysis) | 9 | −0.07 | 0.08 | 0.374 |
Maximum likelihood | 9 | −0.07 | 0.08 | 0.373 | |
MR Egger | 9 | −0.38 | 0.21 | 0.111 | |
Weighted median | 9 | −0.13 | 0.10 | 0.205 | |
Weighted mode | 9 | −0.18 | 0.11 | 0.155 |
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Han, Q.; Ma, Y.; Ye, W. Association between COVID-19 and the Risk of Vascular Dementia: A Mendelian Randomisation Study of the Potential Cognitive Sequela of COVID-19. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14060465
Han Q, Ma Y, Ye W. Association between COVID-19 and the Risk of Vascular Dementia: A Mendelian Randomisation Study of the Potential Cognitive Sequela of COVID-19. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(6):465. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14060465
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Qing, Yue Ma, and Wenting Ye. 2024. "Association between COVID-19 and the Risk of Vascular Dementia: A Mendelian Randomisation Study of the Potential Cognitive Sequela of COVID-19" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 6: 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14060465