Effectiveness of the Life Enhancement and Advancement Program for Weight Management in Overweight and Obese Females
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Sampling, Setting, and Procedure
2.3. Participants
2.4. Outcome Measures
2.5. Bias Control
2.6. Sample Size
2.7. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Session | Goal | Topics | Task |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Introduction to LEAP | Established rapport. Explained the rationale and method of LEAP; the importance of goals and their successful pursuit for emotional satisfaction; how LEAP can improve people’s quality of life and happiness. Discussed the nature of people’s goals and goal-seeking activities and adaptive and maladaptive motivational structures. Introduced the Personal Concerns Inventory (PCI) and how it should be completed. | Administered the PCI |
2 | How to score and interpret the PCI | Helped participants complete and score the PCI and interpret the results. Discussed adaptive vs. maladaptive motivation, different motivational profiles, and how to achieve adaptive motivation, e.g., by taking a more active role in goal pursuits, examining sources of control, and planning how to pursue specific goals, such as weight control. Identified new incentives and goals for participants to pursue and helped them to disengage from inappropriate goals. | Worked on enhancing participants motivation. Completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). |
3 | Helped to improve participants’ knowledge about and sense of control over their eating behavior | Discussed general and personal causes of overeating and consuming too many high-calorie foods. Compiled a list of false beliefs vs. facts about eating high-calorie foods. Identified situations that motivate the consumption of high-calorie foods (why, when, where, how, with whom). | Provided a list of personal advantages and disadvantages of weight control. |
4 | Promoted goal commitment by clarifying the link between lifestyle, weight control, and resulting gratification | Explained different eating styles (emotional, external, inhibited) and how they are related to food consumption. Discussed realistic weight control targets and the relationship between weight control and having a happier lifestyle. Explained three general methods for achieving a happier lifestyle. Identified individual sources of happiness and stress and ways to reduce daily life stresses. Explored alternative activities to the consumption of high-calorie foods. | Identified the sources of daily feelings related to overeating; focused on activities that can reduce food intake. |
5 | Reviewed participants’ goals and ways to achieve appropriate goals | Reviewed participants’ personal goals that might increase their happiness. Focused on both the quantity (using a goal matrix) and quality of participants’ goals and the nature of people’s satisfaction upon achieving their goals. Discussed how other goals impact the goal of losing weight; the importance of goal planning based on each participant’s PCI results. | Completed a list of things that are important to me; completed a goal matrix and a sample goal ladder. |
6 | Learned how to design a goal ladder | Developed a plan for achieving the goal of losing weight. Introduced SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound) goals and the prioritization of goals. Designed a goal ladder and prioritized steps for losing weight (eating less, changing bad eating habits, reducing the size of meals, increasing the number of meals, increasing physical activity). Discussed specific steps for achieving these goals. Identified potential obstacles and ways to overcome them. Designed a target ladder for reading a specific weight loss goal. Obtained feedback from other participants. | Reviewed the sessions and drew conclusions. Identified dates for the follow-up assessments. |
Group | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (n = 10) | Group 2 (n = 10) | Group 3 (n = 10) | Group 4 (n = 10) | ||||||
% | % | % | % | ||||||
Education | |||||||||
<High school | 18.2% | 9.1% | 45.5% | 27.3% | |||||
High school | 27.3% | 27.3% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |||||
Associate’s degree | 27.3% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 36.4% | |||||
Bachelor’s degree | 27.3% | 54.5% | 45.5% | 18.2% | |||||
Master’s degree | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 9.1% | |||||
M | sd | M | sd | M | sd | M | sd | ||
Age | 30.00 | 7.94 | 27.80 | 9.72 | 32.30 | 9.09 | 29.90 | 7.62 | |
Weight (kg.) | 81.27 | 11.59 | 72.20 | 6.86 | 77.10 | 12.11 | 76.7 | 9.49 | |
Height (cm.) | 1.64 | 7.00 | 1.57 | 7.10 | 1.61 | 6.15 | 1.59 | 5.40 | |
BMI | 29.68 | 3.31 | 29.30 | 3.06 | 29.28 | 3.07 | 30.28 | 3.30 | |
WC (cm.) | 101.95 | 4.07 | 102.56 | 4.35 | 100.89 | 5.15 | 101.62 | 4.20 | |
No. of dieting failures | 2.90 | 2.94 | 2.50 | 2.32 | 1.80 | 2.04 | 3.10 | 2.33 | |
Weight changes during last 6 months (kg.) | −0.27 | 2.28 | −0.10 | 3.21 | −0.20 | 3.58 | 1.00 | 5.33 |
BMI | WC | PCI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | sd | M | sd | M | sd | ||
Group 1 | Pretest | 29.68 | 3.31 | 101.95 | 4.07 | 54.71 | 2.37 |
Posttest | 28.52 | 3.53 | 97.13 | 5.03 | 62.30 | 1.83 | |
Follow-up | 26.50 | 2.34 | 88.95 | 3.97 | 62.63 | 1.88 | |
Group 2 | Pretest | 29.30 | 3.06 | 102.56 | 4.35 | 55.72 | 2.07 |
Posttest | 28.001 | 2.58 | 101.88 | 4.77 | 55.26 | 2.33 | |
Follow-up | 27.99 | 2.52 | 101.19 | 4.83 | 54.76 | 2.401 | |
Group 3 | Pretest | 28.93 | 3.31 | 100.89 | 5.15 | 54.83 | 2.63 |
Posttest | 28.00 | 3.05 | 100.00 | 5.35 | 55.007 | 2.11 | |
Follow-up | 28.68 | 3.09 | 99.16 | 5.19 | 54.66 | 2.17 | |
Group 4 | Pretest | 29.01 | 3.62 | 101.62 | 4.20 | 54.89 | 2.82 |
Posttest | 29.10 | 3.37 | 100.56 | 3.81 | 54.34 | 2.11 | |
Follow-up | 29.08 | 3.52 | 100.90 | 6.84 | 54.26 | 2.17 |
Outcome Variable | Overall Effect F(6, 56) [d] | Post-Intervention F(3, 36) [d] | Follow-Up F(3, 36) [d] | Post-Hoc Comparisons (Bonferroni) |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | 7.05 ** [0.95] | 0.72 [0.31] | 17.79 ** [1.52] | Group 1 < Group 2, 3, 4 |
Waist circumference (WC) | 45.40 ** [2.43] | 14.72 ** [1.38] | 31.20 ** [2.01] | Group 1 < Group 2, 3, 4 |
PCI adaptive motivation | 21.57 * [1.67] | 3.69 * [0.69] | 17.79 ** [1.52] | Group 1 > Group 2, 3, 4 |
PCI Index | Time | p | t(9) |
---|---|---|---|
Moral rightness | T1–T2 | 0.01 | 3.02 |
T1–T3 | 0.01 | 3.11 | |
Plans for goal pursuits | T1–T2 | 0.04 | 2.22 |
T1–T3 | 0.04 | 2.20 | |
Commitment to goal pursuits | T1–T2 | 0.001 | 4.45 |
T1–T3 | 0.001 | 4.52 | |
Optimism about goal achievements | T1–T2 | 0.04 | 2.31 |
T1–T3 | 0.02 | 2.54 |
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Shourche, R.M.; Nematy, M.; Cox, W.M.; Fadardi, J.S. Effectiveness of the Life Enhancement and Advancement Program for Weight Management in Overweight and Obese Females. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080724
Shourche RM, Nematy M, Cox WM, Fadardi JS. Effectiveness of the Life Enhancement and Advancement Program for Weight Management in Overweight and Obese Females. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(8):724. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080724
Chicago/Turabian StyleShourche, Raheleh Maddah, Mohsen Nematy, W. Miles Cox, and Javad S. Fadardi. 2024. "Effectiveness of the Life Enhancement and Advancement Program for Weight Management in Overweight and Obese Females" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 8: 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080724