Homophobic Bullying, Traditional Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adolescents According to Their Sexual Orientation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Traditional Bullying, Homophobic Bullying, and Cyberbullying
1.2. Traditional Bullying, Homophobic Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Health-Related Quality of Life
1.3. The Present Study
- (1)
- There will be positive relationships between the levels of aggression and/or victimization in homophobic bullying, traditional bullying, and cyberbullying.
- (2)
- The levels of homophobic victimization will be inversely related to the levels of HRQoL, especially in the dimensions of moods and emotions, social support and peers, financial resources, and psychological well-being.
- (3)
- The levels of homophobic aggression will be inversely related to the levels of HRQoL, particularly in the dimension of the school environment.
- (4)
- The patterns of relationships between the variables will differ depending on the sexual orientation of the group studied—homosexuals and bisexuals, individuals unsure of their sexual orientation, and heterosexuals.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Group with Heterosexual Sexual Orientation
3.2. Group Unsure of Their Sexual Orientation
3.3. Group with Homosexual or Bisexual Sexual Orientation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Benítez, F.J.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Herrera-López, M. Propiedades Psicométricas Del Cuestionario Habilidades Socio-Emocionales Para La Mediación Escolar. Electron. J. Res. Educ. Psychol. 2023, 21, 693–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benítez, F.J.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Herrera-López, M. La Competencia Social Multidimensional En La Formación de Las Habilidades Socioemocionales Para La Mediación Escolar. Electron. J. Res. Educ. Psychol. 2024, 22, 151–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez, J.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Zych, I. Bullying and Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Disadvantaged Areas: Validation of Questionnaires; Prevalence Rates; and Relationship to Self-Esteem, Empathy and Social Skills. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Undheim, A.M.; Wallander, J.; Sund, A.M. Coping Strategies and Associations with Depression among 12- to 15-Year-Old Norwegian Adolescents Involved in Bullying. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2016, 204, 274–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wolke, D.; Copeland, W.E.; Angold, A.; Costello, E.J. Impact of Bullying in Childhood on Adult Health, Wealth, Crime and Social Outcomes. Psychol. Sci. 2013, 24, 1958–1970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Waasdorp, T.E.; Pas, E.T.; Zablotsky, B.; Bradshaw, C.P. Ten-Year Trends in Bullying and Related Attitudes among 4th- to 12th-Graders. Pediatrics 2017, 139, e20162615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Espelage, D.L.; Basile, K.C.; Leemis, R.W.; Hipp, T.N.; Davis, J.P. Longitudinal Examination of the Bullying-Sexual Violence Pathway across Early to Late Adolescence: Implicating Homophobic Name-Calling. J. Youth Adolesc. 2018, 47, 1880–1893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahle, L. Are Sexual Minorities More at Risk? Bullying Victimization among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Youth. J. Interpers. Violence 2020, 35, 4960–4978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zych, I.; Ortega-Ruiz, R.; Llorent, V.J. Nature and Dynamics of Peer Violence in Polish Upper Secondary Schools. Soc. Psychol. Educ. 2017, 20, 427–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blais, M.; Gervais, J.; Hébert, M. Internalized Homophobia as a Partial Mediator between Homophobic Bullying and Self-Esteem among Youths of Sexual Minorities in Quebec (Canada). Cien. Saude Colet. 2014, 19, 727–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gower, A.L.; Rider, G.N.; McMorris, B.J.; Eisenberg, M.E. Bullying Victimization Among LGBTQ Youth: Critical Issues and Future Directions. Curr. Sex. Health Rep. 2018, 10, 246–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Birkett, M.; Newcomb, M.E.; Mustanski, B. Does It Get Better? A Longitudinal Analysis of Psychological Distress and Victimization in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth. J. Adolesc. Health 2015, 56, 280–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tucker, J.S.; Ewing, B.A.; Espelage, D.L.; Green, H.D., Jr.; de la Haye, K.; Pollard, M.S. Longitudinal Associations of Homophobic Name-Calling Victimization With Psychological Distress and Alcohol Use During Adolescence. J. Adolesc. Health 2016, 59, 110–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olweus, D. Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do; Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Pantaleón, Y.; Calmaestra, J. Psychological Predictors of Bullying in Adolescents from Pluricultural Schools: A Transnational Study in Spain and Ecuador. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 1383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Alcívar, A.; Herrera-López, M. Traditional Bullying and Discriminatory Bullying around Special Educational Needs: Psychometric Properties of Two Instruments to Measure It. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Earnshaw, V.A.; Reisner, S.L.; Menino, D.D.; Poteat, V.P.; Bogart, L.M.; Barnes, T.N.; Schuster, M.A. Stigma-Based Bullying Interventions: A Systematic Review. Dev. Rev. 2018, 48, 178–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Hurtado-Mellado, A. Prevalence and Psychosocial Predictors of Homophobic Victimization among Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menesini, E.; Salmivalli, C. Bullying in Schools: The State of Knowledge and Effective Interventions. Psychol. Health Med. 2017, 22, 240–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peter, T.; Taylor, C.; Chamberland, L. A Queer Day in Canada: Examining Canadian High School Students ’ Experiences With School-Based Homophobia in Two Large-Scale Studies. J. Homosex. 2015, 62, 186–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rivers, I.; Gonzalez, C.; Nodin, N.; Peel, E.; Tyler, A. LGBT People and Suicidality in Youth: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions of Risk and Protective Circumstances. Soc. Sci. Med. 2018, 212, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gattamorta, K.; Quidley-Rodriguez, N. Coming Out Experiences of Hispanic Sexual Minority Young Adults in South Florida. J. Homosex. 2017, 65, 741–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herrera-López, M.; Romera, E.; Ortega-Ruiz, R. Bullying y Cyberbullying En Colombia; Coocurrencia En Adolescentes Escolarizados. Rev. Latinoam. Psicol. 2017, 49, 163–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Mero, O.; Solera, E.; Herrera-López, M.; Calmaestra, J. Prevalence and Psychosocial Predictors of Cyberaggression and Cybervictimization in Adolescents: A Spain-Ecuador Transcultural Study on Cyberbullying. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0241288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Solera, E.; Calmaestra, J. Psychological Predictors of Cyberbullying According to Ethnic-Cultural Origin in Adolescents: A National Study in Spain. J. Cross. Cult. Psychol. 2018, 49, 1506–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ybarra, M.L.; Mitchell, K.J.; Palmer, N.A.; Reisner, S.L. Online Social Support as a Buffer against Online and Offline Peer and Sexual Victimization among U.S. LGBT and Non-LGBT Youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2015, 39, 123–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Espelage, D.L.; Basile, K.C.; De La Rue, L.; Hamburger, M.E. Longitudinal Associations Among Bullying, Homophobic Teasing, and Sexual Violence Perpetration Among Middle School Students. J. Interpers. Violence 2015, 30, 2541–2561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Humphrey, T.; Vaillancourt, T. Longitudinal Relations between Bullying Perpetration, Sexual Harassment, Homophobic Taunting, and Dating Violence: Evidence of Heterotypic Continuity. J. Youth Adolesc. 2020, 49, 1976–1986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J.; Pincay, A.A.; Payán, A.M.; Herrera-López, M.; Ortega-Ruiz, R. Los Predictores Psicosociales Del Bullying Discriminatorio Debido Al Estigma Ligado a Las Necesidades Educativas Especiales (NEE) y La Discapacidad. Psicol. Educ. 2021, 27, 187–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elipe, P.; Muñoz, M.; Del Rey, R. Homophobic Bullying and Cyberbullying: Study of a Silenced Problem. J. Homosex. 2018, 65, 672–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siller, L.; Edwards, K.M.; Banyard, V. Violence Typologies Among Youth: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle and High School Youth. J. Interpers. Violence 2020, 37, 1023–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cuadrado, I.; Fernández Antelo, I.; Martín-Mora Parra, G. ¿Pueden Las Víctimas de Bullying Convertirse En Agresores Del Ciberespacio? Estudio En Población Adolescente. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2019, 9, 71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khong, J.Z.N.; Tan, Y.R.; Elliott, J.M.; Fung, D.S.S.; Sourander, A.; Ong, S.H. Traditional Victims and Cybervictims: Prevalence, Overlap, and Association with Mental Health Among Adolescents in Singapore. School Ment. Health 2020, 12, 145–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elipe, P.; Del Rey, R. Homophobic Bullying: An Old Problem Only Recently Brought to Light. In Advances in Psychology Research; Columbus, A.M., Ed.; Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2017; Volume 126, pp. 159–178. ISBN 9781536108347. [Google Scholar]
- Del Rey, R.; Elipe, P.; Ortega-Ruiz, R. Bullying and Cyberbullying: Overlapping and Predictive Value of the Co-Occurrence. Psicothema 2012, 24, 608–613. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ortega-Ruiz, R.; Del Rey, R.; Casas, J.A. Evaluar El Bullying y El Cyberbullying Validación Española Del EBIP-Q y Del ECIP-Q. Psicol. Educ. 2016, 22, 71–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olweus, D. Cyberbullying: An Overrated Phenomenon? Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 2012, 9, 520–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baruch-Dominguez, R.; Infante-Xibille, C.; Saloma-Zuñiga, C.E. Homophobic Bullying in Mexico: Results of a National Survey Homophobic Bullying in Mexico: Results of a National. J. LGBT Youth 2016, 13, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hutzell, K.L.; Payne, A.A. The Relationship between Bullying Victimization and School Avoidance: An Examination of Direct Associations, Protective Influences, and Aggravating Factors. J. Sch. Violence 2017, 17, 210–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, L.M.; Mitchell, K.J.; Turner, H.A.; Ybarra, M.L. Characteristics of Bias-Based Harassment Incidents Reported by a National Sample of U. S. Adolescents. J. Adolesc. 2018, 65, 50–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hidalgo-Rasmussen, C.A.; Ramírez-López, G.; Rajmil, L.; Skalicky, A.; Hidalgo-San Martín, A. Bullying and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescent Mexican Students. Cienc. e Saude Coletiva 2018, 23, 2433–2441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muñoz-Reyes, J.A.; Polo, P.; Valenzuela, N.; Guerra, R.; Anabalón, K.; Hidalgo-Rasmussen, C.; Turiégano, E. Sexual Differences and Associations between Aggressiveness and Quality of Life in Late Adolescents. Curr. Psychol. 2018, 37, 28–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beckman, L.; Svensson, M.; Frisén, A. Preference-Based Health-Related Quality of Life among Victims of Bullying. Qual. Life Res. 2016, 25, 303–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haraldstad, K.; Kvarme, L.G.; Christophersen, K.A.; Helseth, S. Associations between Self-Efficacy, Bullying and Health-Related Quality of Life in a School Sample of Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bogart, L.M.; Elliott, M.N.; Klein, D.J.; Tortolero, S.R.; Mrug, S.; Peskin, M.F.; Davies, S.L.; Schink, E.T.; Schuster, M.A. Peer Victimization in Fifth Grade and Health in Tenth Grade. Pediatrics 2014, 133, 440–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haraldstad, K.; Christophersen, K.A.; Eide, H.; Nativg, G.K.; Helseth, S. Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Children and Adolescents: A School Survey. J. Clin. Nurs. 2011, 20, 3048–3056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Albaladejo-Blázquez, N.; Ferrer-Cascales, R.; Ruiz-Robledillo, N.; Sánchez-Sansegundo, M.; Fernández-Alcántara, M.; Delvecchio, E.; Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health of Adolescents Involved in School Bullying and Homophobic Verbal Content Bullying. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diaz Herraiz, E.; Gutierrez, R. The Health-Related Quality of Life of Students Involved in School Bullying. Int. J. Sch. Cogn. Psychol. 2017, 4, 1000198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ravens-Sieberer, U.; Gosch, A.; Rajmil, L.; Erhart, M.; Bruil, J.; Power, M.; Duer, W.; Auquier, P.; Cloetta, B.; Czemy, L.; et al. The KIDSCREEN-52 Quality of Life Measure for Children and Adolescents: Psychometric Results from a Cross-Cultural Survey in 13 European Countries. Value Health 2008, 11, 645–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Cabrera, J.; León-Mejía, A.; Beranuy, M.; Gutiérrez-Ortega, M.; Alvarez-Bardón, A.; Machimbarrena, J.M. Relationship between Cyberbullying and Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Children and Adolescents. Qual. Life Res. 2018, 27, 2609–2618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Earnshaw, V.A.; Bogart, L.M.; Poteat, V.P.; Reisner, S.L.; Schuster, M.A. Bullying Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 2016, 63, 999–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivera-Osorio, J.F.; Arias-Gómez, M.C. Acoso Escolar Contra Jóvenes LGBT e Implicaciones Desde Una Perspectiva de Salud. Rev. la Univ. Ind. Santander. Salud 2020, 52, 147–151. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C.-C.; Lin, H.-C.; Chen, M.-H.; Ko, N.-Y.; Chang, Y.-P.; Lin, I.-M.; Yen, C.-F. Effects of Traditional and Cyber Homophobic Bullying in Childhood on Depression, Anxiety, and Physical Pain in Emerging Adulthood and the Moderating Effects of Social Support among Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2018, 14, 1309–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paul Poteat, V.; Espelage, D.L.; Koenig, B.W. Willingness to Remain Friends and Attend School with Lesbian and Gay Peers: Relational Expressions of Prejudice among Heterosexual Youth. J. Youth Adolesc. 2009, 38, 952–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brighi, A.; Ortega, R.; Scheitauer, H.; Smith, P.K.; Tsormpatzoudis, C.; Barkoukis, V.; Del Rey, R.; Thompson, J. European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIPQ), 2012. (Unpublished Manuscript).
- Del Rey, R.; Casas, J.A.; Ortega-Ruiz, R.; Schultze-Krumbholz, A.; Scheithauer, H.; Smith, P.; Thompson, F.; Barkoukis, V.; Tsorbatzoudis, H.; Brighi, A.; et al. Structural Validation and Cross-Cultural Robustness of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Comput. Human Behav. 2015, 50, 141–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajmil, L.; Herdman, M.; Fernandez, M.-J.; Detmar, S.; Bruil, J.; Ravens-Sieberer, U.; Bullinger, M.; Simeoni, M.-C.; Auquier, P. Generic Health-Related Quality of Life Instruments in Children and Adolescents: A Qualitative Analysis of Content. J. Adolesc. Health 2004, 34, 37–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romeo, K.E.; Chico, E.; Darcangelo, N.; Bellinger, L.B.; Horn, S.S. Youth’s Motivations for Using Homophobic and Misogynistic Language. J. LGBT Youth 2017, 14, 411–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jadva, V.; Guasp, A.; Bradlow, J.H.; Bower-Brown, S.; Foley, S. Predictors of Self-Harm and Suicide in LGBT Youth: The Role of Gender, Socio-Economic Status, Bullying and School Experience. J. Public Health 2021, 45, 102–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hemphill, S.A.; Kotevski, A.; Tollit, M.; Smith, R.; Herrenkohl, T.I.; Toumbourou, J.W.; Catalano, R.F. Longitudinal Predictors of Cyber and Traditional Bullying Perpetration in Australian Secondary School Students. J. Adolesc. Health 2012, 51, 59–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juvonen, J.; Graham, S. Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2014, 65, 159–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, W.J. Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors for Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Youth: A Systematic Review. J. Homosex. 2018, 65, 263–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.Y.; Huang, J.H. Precollege and In-College Bullying Experiences and Health-Related Quality of Life among College Students. Pediatrics 2015, 135, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sterzing, P.R.; Gibbs, J.J.; Gartner, R.E.; Goldbach, J.T. Bullying Victimization Trajectories for Sexual Minority Adolescents: Stable Victims, Desisters, and Late-Onset Victims. J. Res. Adolesc. 2018, 28, 368–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Heterosexual | Unsure | Homosexual and Bisexual | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. HV | 2. HA | 1. HV | 2. HA | 1. HV | 2. HA | |
1. HV | - | - | - | |||
2. HA | 0.401 ** | - | 0.436 ** | - | 0.015 | - |
3. PhW | −0.073 | −0.050 | 0.058 | 0.239 * | −0.084 | 0.004 |
4. PsW | −0.036 | −0.027 | −0.082 | 0.143 | −0.113 | 0.181 |
5. ME | −0.116 ** | −0.096 * | −0.212 * | 0.046 | −0.241 | 0.122 |
6. SelfP | 0.051 | 0.065 | 0.094 | −0.054 | 0.100 | −0.074 |
7. Auto | −0.022 | −0.033 | 0.071 | 0.089 | −0.286 * | −0.094 |
8. PrHl | −0.071 | −0.148 ** | −0.136 | 0.092 | −0.255 | 0.026 |
9. FR | −0.117 ** | −0.114 ** | −0.094 | −0.017 | −0.453 ** | −0.128 |
10. SsP | −0.069 | −0.071 | −0.146 | 0.006 | −0.167 | −0.024 |
11. SE | −0.037 | −0.228 ** | −0.170 | 0.109 | −0.099 | −0.013 |
12. SA | −0.159 ** | −0.043 | −0.341 ** | −0.268 ** | −0.357 * | −0.277 |
13. TBV | 0.246 ** | 0.244 ** | 0.465 ** | 0.148 | 0.599 ** | 0.164 |
14. TBA | 0.183 ** | 0.428 ** | 0.151 | 0.245 * | −0.193 | 0.223 |
15. CBV | 0.255 ** | 0.325 ** | 0.336 ** | 0.498 ** | 0.427 ** | 0.613 ** |
16. CBA | 0.199 ** | 0.406 ** | 0.326 ** | 0.540 ** | 0.114 | 0.614 ** |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hurtado-Mellado, A.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J. Homophobic Bullying, Traditional Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adolescents According to Their Sexual Orientation. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080729
Hurtado-Mellado A, Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ. Homophobic Bullying, Traditional Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adolescents According to Their Sexual Orientation. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(8):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080729
Chicago/Turabian StyleHurtado-Mellado, Almudena, and Antonio J. Rodríguez-Hidalgo. 2024. "Homophobic Bullying, Traditional Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adolescents According to Their Sexual Orientation" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 8: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080729