A Review of the Adverse Effects of Neonicotinoids on the Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Application of Neonicotinoids
2.1. Imidacloprid (IMI)
2.2. Acetamiprid (ACE)
2.3. Clothianidin (CLO)
2.4. Thiamethoxam (THIAM)
2.5. Thiacloprid (THIAC)
2.6. Nitenpyram (NIT)
2.7. Dinotefuran (DIN)
Generation | Characteristics | Neonicotinoid | References |
---|---|---|---|
First |
| Imidacloprid Acetamiprid | [31] |
Second |
| Thiamethoxam Clothianidin Thiacloprid * Nitenpyram * | [41,48,52,57] |
Third |
| Dinotefuran | [64] |
Neonicotinoid | Crop | Mode of Application | Target Insect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Imidacloprid | Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) | Soil spraying | Erythroneura variabilis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) | [71] |
Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) | Soil spraying | Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | [72] | |
Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae) | Foliar spraying | Myzus spp. (Hemiptera) Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) | [73] | |
Solanum tuberoso L. (Solanaceae) | Soil spraying | M. persicae Paratrioza cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) | ||
Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) | Spraying | A. gossypii Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | ||
Acetamiprid | Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae) | Spraying | A. gossypii | [40] |
Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae) | Foliar spraying | F. occidentalis | [74] | |
Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) | ||||
Bactericera cockerell (Hemiptera: Triozidae) | ||||
Rosa spp. (Rosaceae) | Foliar spraying | Macrosiphum rosae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | [75] | |
Clothianidin | Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) | Spraying | B. tabaci Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) | [76] |
Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae) | Soil drench | Odontotermes obesus (Balttodea: Termitidae) Microtermes obesi (Isoptera: Termitidae) | [77] | |
Thiamethoxam | S. lycopersicum L. | Spraying | A. gossypii B. tabaci Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | [78] |
Glycine max L. (Fabaceae) | Seed treatment | Ceratoma trifurcata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) | [79] | |
Thiacloprid | Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) | Foliar spraying | Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) | [80] |
Camelia sinensis L. (Theaceae) | Spraying | Aphidoidea Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) | [81] | |
G. hirsutum L. (Malvaceae) | Seed treatment | A. gossypii B. tabaci | [82] | |
Nitenpyram | O. sativa L. | Spraying | Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) | [57] |
Malus spp. (Rosaceae) | Spraying | Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae) | [83] | |
Other uses: (Felis catus L. and Canis familiaris L.) | Oral | Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) | [59,84] | |
Dinotefuran | Lycium barbarum L. (Solanaceae) | Spraying | Eriophyidae Psylla spp. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Aphidoidea | [85] |
Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) | Drenching | Agromyzidae | [62] |
3. Effect on the Environment
3.1. NNI Transport Mechanisms and Analysis Techniques
3.2. Effect on Water
Country | Neonicotinoid | Region | Type of Water | Transport Mechanism | Concentration (ng L−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Korea | DIN | Nakdong River in South Korea | Drinking water | Precipitation leaching | 23.5 | [27] |
China | NIT DIN | Yangtzen River Basin | Surface water | Agricultural runoff and atmospheric deposition | 90.7 63.2 | [112] |
Canada | CLO | Alvena, Saskatchewan | Surface water Melwater | Meltwater runoff | 137 487 | [50] |
China | IMI | Northeast, north, northwest, east, south and southwest |
Tap water Drinking water Well water | Runoff and infiltration |
4.18 1.76 1.48 | [113] |
USA | CLO IMI | University of Iowa and Iowa City | Tap water | Runoff and infiltration |
3.89–57.3 1.22–39.5 | [114] |
Switzerland | THIAM THIAC | Swiss plateau | Surface water | Atmospheric deposition and runoff |
65 47 | [115] |
China | IMI THIAM | Paerl River, Guangdong | Surface water and effluents from WWTPs | Runoff | 24.0–322 (in total) | [116] |
China | ACE CLO | Guanzhou | Surface water | Adhered to sediments and runoffs |
73.1 375 | [117] |
3.3. Negative Effects on Aquatic Organisms
3.4. Effect on Soil
Neonicotinoid | Mean Concentration (mg kg−1) | Agricultural Soil or Product | Insolation Country | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetamiprid | 0.000002 | Soil of Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) | Luzon, Philippines | [132] |
1.00–13.73 | Leaves of Chrysanthemums morifolium (Asteraceae) | Huangshan, China | [133] | |
17.43 | Soil of Brassica oleracea var. cabitata (Brassicaceae) | Karbala, Iraq | [134] | |
0.059 | Capsicum annuum var. Jalapeño (Solanaceae) | Sinaloa, Mexico | [135] | |
0.000414 | Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae) | Tianjin, China | [136] | |
0.585 | Malus pumila Mill. Gala (Rosaceae) | Jiangsu, China | [20] | |
0.000000414 | Soil of Parks | Beijing, China | [20] | |
Clothianidin | 0.022–0.236 | Soil of Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) | Luzon, Philippines | [132] |
1.430–126.31 | Soil of Musa paradisiaca. (Musaceae) | Mindanao, Philippines | [132] | |
1.73 | Chrysanthemum morifolium growing soil (Asteráceas) | Huangshan, China | [133] | |
0.00000016 | Soil of Parks | Beijing, China | [20] | |
0.01 | Growing of Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae) | Guangxi, China | [142] | |
0.09 | Growing of Oryza sativa (Poaceae) | Inner, Mongolia | [141] | |
2.7 | Sub-surface soil of Zea mays (Poaceae) | Zongganqu, Mongolia | [142] | |
Imidacloprid | 0.758–39.56 | Soil of Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) | Luzon, Philippines | [132] |
0.013–0.028 | Soil of Oryza sativa (Poaceae) | Marinduque, Philippines | [132] | |
1.048–903.31 | Soil of Musa paradisiaca. (Musaceae) | Mindanao, Philippines | [132] | |
0.99–8.64 | Chrysanthemum morifolium growing soil (Asteraceae) | Huangshan, China | [133] | |
0.847 | Malus pumila Mill. Gala (Rosaceae) | Jiangsu, China | [20] | |
0.00952 | Soil of Parks | Beijing, China | [20] | |
2897.5 | Sub-surface soil of Zea mays (Gramíneas) | Zongganqu, Mongolia | [142] | |
4.509 | Capsicum annuum var. Jalapeño (Solanaceae) | Sinaloa, Mexico | [135] | |
0.0087 | Brassica oleracea var. Itálica (Brassicaceae) | Puebla and Guanajuato, Mexico | [145] | |
Thiamethoxam | 0.005–0.050 | Soil of Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) | Luzon, Philippines | [140] |
0.05–0.011 | Soil of Oryza sativa (Poaceae) | Marinduque, Philippines | [140] | |
0.278–267.87 | Soil of Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae) | Mindanao, Philippines | [140] | |
0.18–0.43 | Chrysanthemum morifolium growing soil (Asteraceae) | Huangshan, China | [133] | |
0.890 | Malus pumila Mill. Gala (Rosaceae) | Jiangsu, China | [20] | |
0.00000058 | Soil of Parks | Beijing, China | [137] | |
62.4 | Sub-surface soil of Zea mays (Poaceae) | Zongganqu, Mongolia | [142] | |
0.896 | Capsicum annuum var. Jalapeño (Solanaceae) | Sinaloa, Mexico | [135] | |
0.0045 | Brassica oleracea var. Itálica (Brassicaceae) | Puebla and Guanajuato, Mexico | [145] | |
0.00401 | Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae) | Tianjin, China | [147] | |
Thiacloprid | 3988.7 | Zea mays (Poaceae) | Zongganqu, Mongolia | [142] |
0.059 | Capsicum annuum var. Jalapeño (Solanaceae) | Sinaloa, Mexico | [135] | |
0.01 | Solanum melongena var. China (Solanaceae) | La Vega, República Dominicana | [150] | |
Dinotefuran | 0.01 | Oryza sativa (Poaceae) | Tamil Nadu, India | [152] |
0.384 | Malus pumila Mill. Gala (Rosaceae) | Jiangsu, China | [20] | |
0.300 | Lactuca sativa (Asteráceas) | Pyeongtaek, Korea | [62] | |
0.580 | Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) | Pyeongtaek, Korea | [62] | |
0.00000027 | Soil of Parks | Beijing, China | [138] | |
0.00502 | Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae) | Tianjin, China | [147] | |
Nitenpyram * | 0.01–0.54 | Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae) | Sichuan, China | [153] |
0.01–0.45 | Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae) | Zhejiang, China | [153] | |
0.01–033 | Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae) | Jiangsu, China | [153] |
3.5. Negative Effects on Terrestrial Organisms and Insect Pollinators
Organism | Neonicotinoid | LC50 | LD50 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rattus norvegicus (Rodentia: Muridae) | IMI | No data | Oral 450 mg kg−1 | [164] |
ACE | No data | Oral 182 mg kg−1 | ||
THIAC | No data | Oral 640 mg kg−1 | ||
Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) | IMI | No data | 130–170 mg kg−1 | [165] |
DIN | No data | >2000 mg kg−1 | ||
Lepomis macrochirus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae) | IMI | No data | 241 mg L−1 | [166] |
CLO | No data | >93.6 mg L−1 | ||
Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) | IMI, CLO, and THIAM | No data | 5.51 to 32.86 ng bee−1 | [160] |
Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) | IMI and THIAM | 11.28 and >71.2 mg L−1 | No data | [90] |
Labeo rohita (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) | IMI | 550 mg L−1 | No data | [125] |
Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) | IMI | No data | 118.74 ng bee−1 | [167] |
Perdix perdix (Galliformes: Phasianidae) | IMI | 283 mg kg−1 | 15–41 mg kg−1 | [166] |
CLO | >752 mg kg−1 | 430 mg kg−1 |
4. Some Effects on Humans
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neonicotinoid | Molecular Formula | Solubility in Water at 20 °C (mg L−1) | Henry’s Law Constant at 25 °C (Pa m3 mol−1) b | Aqueous Hydrolysis DT50 (Days) at 20 °C and pH 7 c | LogKow at pH 7, 20 °C d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stable pH | Note | |||||
Imidacloprid | C9H10CIN5O2 | 610 (High) | 1.7 × 10−10 | 5–7 | DT50 approx. 1 year—pH 9 | 0.57 |
Acetamiprid | C10H11CIN4 | 2950 (High) | 5.30 × 10−08 | 4–7 | DT50 420—pH 9 | 0.8 |
Clothianidin | C6H8CIN5O2S | 327 (Moderate) | 2.9 × 10−11 | 4–9 | DT50 14.4—pH 9, 50 °C | 0.90 |
Thiamethoxam | C8H10CIN5O3S | 4100 (High) | 4.70 × 10−10 | 1–7 | DT50 11.5—pH 9 | −0.13 |
Nitenpyram | C11H15CIN4O2 | 570,000 (High) | 3.54 × 10−13 | 3–7 | DT50 2.9—pH 9 | −0.66 |
Dinotefuran | C7H14N4O3 | 39,830 (High) | 8.7 × 10−09 | 4–9 | - | −0.549 |
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Mota, Z.L.; Díaz, I.A.; Martínez-Ávila, A.E.; Otero-Olvera, M.; Leyva-Ruíz, D.; Aponte-Pineda, L.S.; Rangel-Duarte, S.G.; Pacheco-Aguilar, J.R.; Amaro-Reyes, A.; Campos-Guillén, J.; et al. A Review of the Adverse Effects of Neonicotinoids on the Environment. Environments 2024, 11, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090196
Mota ZL, Díaz IA, Martínez-Ávila AE, Otero-Olvera M, Leyva-Ruíz D, Aponte-Pineda LS, Rangel-Duarte SG, Pacheco-Aguilar JR, Amaro-Reyes A, Campos-Guillén J, et al. A Review of the Adverse Effects of Neonicotinoids on the Environment. Environments. 2024; 11(9):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090196
Chicago/Turabian StyleMota, Zyanya L., Itzel A. Díaz, Adriana E. Martínez-Ávila, M. Otero-Olvera, Dania Leyva-Ruíz, L. S. Aponte-Pineda, S. G. Rangel-Duarte, J. R. Pacheco-Aguilar, Aldo Amaro-Reyes, J. Campos-Guillén, and et al. 2024. "A Review of the Adverse Effects of Neonicotinoids on the Environment" Environments 11, no. 9: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090196