Environments

14 pages, 1448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recirculation of Saline Concentrate in Spirulina Cultivation: A Promising Strategy for High Production of Biomass and Biomolecules in Semiarid Regions

by Saulo Nascimento Mata, Lucas Guimarães Cardoso, Priscilla Quenia Muniz Bezerra, Bianca Bomfim Andrade, Maria Beatriz Prior Pinto Oliveira, Susana Machado, Ravena Maria de Almeida Medeiros, Natália Hlavnicka Miranda, Jamila Sueira de Jesus Silva, Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, Denilson de Jesus Assis, Jania Betânia Alves da Silva and Carolina Oliveira de Souza

Environments 2025, 12(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050134 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Desalination concentrate (DC) is a residue from desalination plants in semiarid regions, and it is promising for microalgae cultures. Its effects have been evaluated in a previsions study involving Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures grown in a medium containing 100% DC, supplemented with [...] Read more.

Desalination concentrate (DC) is a residue from desalination plants in semiarid regions, and it is promising for microalgae cultures. Its effects have been evaluated in a previsions study involving Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures grown in a medium containing 100% DC, supplemented with 25% Zarrouk nutrients, and without reuse. In the present study, Spirulina sp. LEB 18 was cultivated in the recycled saline concentrate medium from the previous experiment over three consecutive cycles using raceways. The recycled DC achieved a maximum biomass production of 3.77 g·L⁻¹, surpassing the control production (3.45 g·L⁻¹), and demonstrated high resistance to elevated environmental temperatures, reaching 42.80 °C. Protein levels (≤37%) containing all essential amino acids (~40% of total proteins) and fatty acids with relevant impacts on health were reached. Using up to three DC cycles for Spirulina sp. cultivation can contribute to the valorization of this residue and add viability to semiarid regions for biomass production with adequate nutritional composition for supplementation of humans and animals. Full article

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15 pages, 1608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissipation Kinetics and Dietary Risk Assessment of Boscalid Residues in Two Table-Grape Varieties Under Field Conditions

by Paraskevas Parlakidis, George S. Adamidis, Theodoros Doulaveris, Dimitrios Makaridis, Christos Alexoudis, Zisis Vryzas and Georgios D. Gikas

Environments 2025, 12(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050133 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Grape cultivation is crucial due to its significant dietary benefits and the production of various byproducts. Fungicides, like boscalid, are frequently applied to protect grape crops from several disease, ensuring both yield and quality. However, the excessive or inappropriate application of boscalid may [...] Read more.

Grape cultivation is crucial due to its significant dietary benefits and the production of various byproducts. Fungicides, like boscalid, are frequently applied to protect grape crops from several disease, ensuring both yield and quality. However, the excessive or inappropriate application of boscalid may pose health risks to humans. Therefore, the objectives of this field study were (a) to assess the pre-harvest interval (PHI) and dissipation of boscalid in two table-grape varieties (Soultanina and Crimson) under field conditions and (b) evaluate the potential health risks associated with grape consumption for both adults and children. The residue of boscalid in the grapes was determined using a modified QuEChERS method coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC–DAD). The dissipation of boscalid followed first- and second-order kinetics, with half-lives ranging from 3.32 to 6.42 days and PHIs from 8.11 to 10.90 days. The dietary risk assessment indicated that the early to mid-post application period could pose risks for both age groups, with children facing three times the risk of adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Human Health)

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25 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solutions for Modelling the Marine Oil Spill Drift

by Catalin Popa, Dinu Atodiresei, Alecu Toma, Vasile Dobref and Jenel Vatamanu

Environments 2025, 12(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040132 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Oil spills represent a critical environmental hazard with far-reaching ecological and economic consequences, necessitating the development of sophisticated modelling approaches to predict, monitor, and mitigate their impacts. This study presents a computationally efficient and physically grounded modelling framework for simulating oil spill drift [...] Read more.

Oil spills represent a critical environmental hazard with far-reaching ecological and economic consequences, necessitating the development of sophisticated modelling approaches to predict, monitor, and mitigate their impacts. This study presents a computationally efficient and physically grounded modelling framework for simulating oil spill drift in marine environments, developed using Python coding. The proposed model integrates core physical processes—advection, diffusion, and degradation—within a simplified partial differential equation system, employing an integrator for numerical simulation. Building on recent advances in marine pollution modelling, the study incorporates real-time oceanographic data, satellite-based remote sensing, and subsurface dispersion dynamics into an enriched version of the simulation. The research is structured in two phases: (1) the development of a minimalist Python model to validate fundamental oil transport behaviours, and (2) the implementation of a comprehensive, multi-layered simulation that includes NOAA ocean currents, 3D vertical mixing, and support for inland and chemical spill modelling. The results confirm the model’s ability to reproduce realistic oil spill trajectories, diffusion patterns, and biodegradation effects under variable environmental conditions. The proposed framework demonstrates strong potential for real-time decision support in oil spill response, coastal protection, and environmental policy-making. This paperwork contributes to the field by bridging theoretical modelling with practical response needs, offering a scalable and adaptable tool for marine pollution forecasting. Future extensions may incorporate deep learning algorithms and high-resolution sensor data to further enhance predictive accuracy and operational readiness. Full article

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27 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Energy: Predictive Models for Space Heating Consumption at the European Central Bank

by Fernando Almeida, Mauro Castelli and Nadine Côrte-Real

Environments 2025, 12(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040131 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Space heating consumption prediction is critical for energy management and efficiency, directly impacting sustainability and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate models enable better demand forecasting, promote the use of green energy, and support decarbonization goals. However, existing models often lack precision [...] Read more.

Space heating consumption prediction is critical for energy management and efficiency, directly impacting sustainability and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate models enable better demand forecasting, promote the use of green energy, and support decarbonization goals. However, existing models often lack precision due to limited feature sets, suboptimal algorithm choices, and limited access to weather data, which reduces generalizability. This study addresses these gaps by evaluating various Machine Learning and Deep Learning models, including K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Regression, Decision Trees, Linear Regression, XGBoost, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Long Short-Term Memory, and Gated Recurrent Units. We utilized space heating consumption data from the European Central Bank Headquarters office as a case study. We employed a methodology that involved splitting the features into three categories based on the correlation and evaluating model performance using Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Squared Error, and R-squared metrics. Results indicate that XGBoost consistently outperformed other models, particularly when utilizing all available features, achieving an R² value of 0.966 using the weather data from the building weather station. This model’s superior performance underscores the importance of comprehensive feature sets for accurate predictions. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to sustainable energy management practices. By improving the accuracy of space heating consumption forecasts, our approach supports the efficient use of green energy resources, aiding in the global efforts towards decarbonization and reducing carbon footprints in urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Assessment: Methods and Tools to Achieve Sustainable Decarbonization and Circular Economy in the Building Sector)

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18 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Environmental Cost–Benefit Analysis of Using Reclaimed Water for Irrigation in Southern Spain

by Antonia María Lorenzo López and Alfonso Expósito

Environments 2025, 12(4), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040130 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Water scarcity and pollution are critical challenges affecting agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluates the environmental benefits of using reclaimed water (RW) for irrigation in southern Spain by applying a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis (CBA) to a water reuse project. This method allows [...] Read more.

Water scarcity and pollution are critical challenges affecting agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluates the environmental benefits of using reclaimed water (RW) for irrigation in southern Spain by applying a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis (CBA) to a water reuse project. This method allows us to assess financial feasibility and environmental externalities of RW use for irrigation, with particular focus on the reduction in eutrophication and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the proposed CBA highlights the potential of RW to provide essential nutrients for crops, reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and mitigate the ecological impact of fertilizer manufacturing and transportation. Results indicate that, while the direct financial returns of RW are limited, the integration of environmental benefits significantly improves the overall economic viability of water reuse projects. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses suggest that policy measures, such as adjusted water pricing and financial incentives, could enhance the adoption of RW in agriculture. This study supports the role of RW as a sustainable alternative for irrigation, contributing to water conservation, pollution reduction, and climate resilience. Future research should focus on long-term agronomic impacts, optimized pricing models, and policy frameworks that promote water reuse as a key strategy in sustainable water management. Full article

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29 pages, 2782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Agriculture Conserve Biodiversity? Structural Biodiversity Analysis in a Case Study of Wild Bird Communities in Southern Europe

by Maurizio Gioiosa, Alessia Spada, Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino, Michela Ingaramo and Massimo Monteleone

Environments 2025, 12(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040129 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

Agriculture plays a dual role in shaping biodiversity, providing secondary habitats while posing significant threats to ecological systems through habitat fragmentation and land-use intensification. This study aims to assess the relationship between bird species composition and land-use types in Apulia, Italy. Specifically, we [...] Read more.

Agriculture plays a dual role in shaping biodiversity, providing secondary habitats while posing significant threats to ecological systems through habitat fragmentation and land-use intensification. This study aims to assess the relationship between bird species composition and land-use types in Apulia, Italy. Specifically, we investigate how different agricultural and semi-natural landscapes influence avian biodiversity and which agricultural models can have a positive impact on biodiversity. Biodiversity indices were calculated for each bird community observed. The abundance curves showed a geometric series pattern for the AGR communities, indicative of ecosystems at an early stage of ecological succession, and a lognormal distribution for the MIX and NAT communities, typical of mature communities with a more even distribution of species. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in richness and diversity between AGR and NAT sites, but not between NAT and MIX, which had the highest values. Logistic regression estimated the probability of sites belonging to the three ecosystem categories as a function of biodiversity, confirming a strong similarity between NAT and MIX. Finally, linear discriminant analysis confirmed a clear separation from AGR areas, as evidenced by the canonical components. The results highlight the importance of integrating high-diversity landscape elements and appropriate agricultural practices to mitigate biodiversity loss. Even a small increase in the naturalness of agricultural land would be sufficient to convert it from the AGR to the MIX ecosystem category, with significant biodiversity benefits. Full article

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20 pages, 1683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenol, Cyanide, and Thiocyanate in Aquatic Media: The Ecotoxicity of Individual Substances and Their Mixtures

by Ana Tutić, Martina Miloloža, Matija Cvetnić, Šime Ukić and Dajana Kučić Grgić

Environments 2025, 12(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040128 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

Although the coking industry is a major polluter, it is still an important and irreplaceable industry in many countries. Wastewater from the coking industry typically contains large amounts of various hazardous substances, including phenols, cyanides, and thiocyanates; we conducted a comprehensive study on [...] Read more.

Although the coking industry is a major polluter, it is still an important and irreplaceable industry in many countries. Wastewater from the coking industry typically contains large amounts of various hazardous substances, including phenols, cyanides, and thiocyanates; we conducted a comprehensive study on their ecotoxicity. This included five different toxicity tests with common species from different trophic levels: the bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida, the microalgae Chlorella sp., the duckweed Lemna minor, and the onion plant Allium cepa. These tests have rarely or never been used for these three toxicants. The results show that cyanide generally has the highest toxicity, while phenol has a relatively equal or higher toxicity than thiocyanate, depending on the test. Since no data on the joint toxic action of these three toxicants can be found in the literature, and although their joint occurrence in the aquatic environment is very likely, we performed joint toxic action analysis. The analysis was performed for binary and ternary mixtures of the toxicants using the Aliivibrio fischeri test. The concentration addition model was used as a reference model for the toxic behavior of these mixtures. The results obtained showed a synergistic deviation from the concentration addition model for combinations of phenol with cyanide and with thiocyanate, while the combination of cyanide and thiocyanate led to additive toxic behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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19 pages, 3613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecofriendly Degradation of PET via Neutral Hydrolysis: Degradation Mechanism and Green Chemistry Metrics

by Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman, Arun Krishna Vuppaladadiyam, Ibrahim Gbolahan Hakeem, Kamrun Nahar, Manoj Kumar Jena and Kalpit Shah

Environments 2025, 12(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040127 - 18 Apr 2025

Abstract

Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles represent 12% of global plastic waste; however, only 9% are recycled. Hydrothermal processing presents the opportunity to upcycle waste PET into its monomers, particularly, terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, post-consumer PET sparkling water bottles were neutrally hydrolysed [...] Read more.

Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles represent 12% of global plastic waste; however, only 9% are recycled. Hydrothermal processing presents the opportunity to upcycle waste PET into its monomers, particularly, terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, post-consumer PET sparkling water bottles were neutrally hydrolysed via a hydrothermal process operating within a temperature range of 220–270 °C, a residence time of 30–90 min, and autogenous pressure of 25–90 bar. Under these conditions, the TPA yield varied between 7.34 and 81.05%, and the maximum TPA yield was obtained at 250 °C, 90 min, and 40 bar. The process temperature had a more profound impact on the PET conversion and TPA yield than the residence time. The values of the environmental factor (EF) were found to be 0.017–0.106, which were comparable to those of bulk chemicals (EF < 1). With the chosen operating conditions, the environmental energy impact (EEI) of TPA production was estimated to be 5.29 × 10⁴ °C min. The findings demonstrate that neutral hydrolysis is a feasible approach for converting PET polymers into monomers under mild environmental conditions. In addition, a GCMS analysis of the aqueous-phase product revealed a notable increase in the secondary degradation products of TPA, such as benzoic acid, rising from 66.4% to 75.7% as the process temperature increased from 220 °C to 270 °C. The degradation mechanisms of PET were found to be decarboxylation, dehydration, and oxidation. The dominant mechanism was found to be a decarboxylation reaction. Full article

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22 pages, 4418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening Urban Soil Contamination in Rome: Insights from XRF and Multivariate Analysis

by Monica Shree Chandramohan, Isabel Martinho da Silva, Rita P. Ribeiro, Alípio Jorge and Joaquim Esteves da Silva

Environments 2025, 12(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040126 - 18 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates spatial distribution and chemical elemental composition screening in soils in Rome (Italy) using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Fifty-nine soil samples were collected from various locations within the urban areas of the Rome municipality and were analyzed for 19 elements. Multivariate statistical [...] Read more.

This study investigates spatial distribution and chemical elemental composition screening in soils in Rome (Italy) using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Fifty-nine soil samples were collected from various locations within the urban areas of the Rome municipality and were analyzed for 19 elements. Multivariate statistical techniques, including nonlinear mapping, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis, were employed to identify clusters of similar soil samples and their spatial distribution and to try to obtain environmental quality information. The soil sample clusters result from natural geological processes and anthropogenic activities on soil contamination patterns. Spatial clustering using the k-means algorithm further identified six distinct clusters, each with specific geographical distributions and elemental characteristics. Hence, the findings underscore the importance of targeted soil assessments to ensure the sustainable use of land resources in urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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17 pages, 1392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dietary Patterns with Blood Heavy Metal Concentrations: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012–2016

by Dahyun Park, Nalae Moon, Hee Ju Jun, Su Ji Heo, Seungyoung Park, Min-Jeong Shin and Ju Hee Kim

Environments 2025, 12(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040125 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated possible associations between dietary patterns and blood heavy metal levels in Korean adults, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012–2016). To explore these associations, demographic, physical activity, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary data, including a food [...] Read more.

This study investigated possible associations between dietary patterns and blood heavy metal levels in Korean adults, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012–2016). To explore these associations, demographic, physical activity, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary data, including a food frequency questionnaire, were analyzed. Foods were categorized into 19 groups, and principal component factor analysis identified three dietary patterns: Meat and processed food-enriched diet (MPD), vegetables and milk-enriched diet (VMD), and fermented and fish-enriched diet (FFD). Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and high levels of heavy metals in the blood. The results showed that a high MPD score had a positive association with high levels of blood Pb (OR = 1.470, 95% CI = 1.173–1.842) and Hg (OR = 1.559, 95% CI = 1.259–1.932); a high FFD score also showed a positive association with high levels of blood Pb (OR = 1.492, 95% CI = 1.227–1.814) and Cd (OR = 1.276, 95% CI = 1.045–1.559). In contrast, VMD score was negatively associated with high levels of blood Pb (OR = 0.760, 95% CI = 0.628–0.920) and Cd (OR = 0.948, 95% CI = 0.781–1.151). Moreover, the effect of each dietary pattern on blood heavy metal levels showed differences by sex. Some dietary patterns, such as a high intake of meat, processed foods, fermented foods, and fish, can increase blood heavy metal levels, whereas other dietary patterns, such as vegetables and milk, have a protective effect against heavy metal concentrations. Full article

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15 pages, 1807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Status of Mesophotic Biogenic Reefs in the Northern Adriatic Sea: Comparing a Biotic Index and Multivariate Community Patterns

by Gregorio Motta, Verdiana Vellani, Manuela Piccardo, Matteo De Luca, Saul Ciriaco, Marco Segarich, Lisa Peratoner, Maurizio Spoto, Antonio Terlizzi, Monia Renzi and Stanislao Bevilacqua

Environments 2025, 12(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040124 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Coralligenous bioconstructions are priority habitats crucial for the protection of Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Among these bioconstructions, the mesophotic biogenic reefs of the northern Adriatic are of particular concern due to their ecological relevance and the high levels of human pressure in the region. [...] Read more.

Coralligenous bioconstructions are priority habitats crucial for the protection of Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Among these bioconstructions, the mesophotic biogenic reefs of the northern Adriatic are of particular concern due to their ecological relevance and the high levels of human pressure in the region. Thus, effective monitoring strategies are vital for the conservation and management of these fragile environments. In this study, we investigated the multivariate spatial and temporal patterns of sessile macrobenthos on biogenic reefs within two areas of a Natura 2000 site in the northern Adriatic over a four-year period. We also classified the ecological status of reefs based on the NAMBER index, specifically tailored for these peculiar bioconstructions. Our findings revealed that temporal trajectories of assemblages significantly differed between the two investigated areas, mostly due to larger fluctuations in algal turf abundance in the area closest to the coast, which is putatively more exposed to human impacts. In this area, the index identified a “Moderate” status during the period of peaking turf abundance, while the reef status consistently remained “Good” in other periods and in the area located further from the coast. This highlights the index sensitivity in reflecting actual changes in assemblages potentially associated with reef degradation. Full article

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18 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Organic Matter and Growing Conditions on Dissipation Behavior and Mobility of Two Pesticides in Soils

by Rakhi Nandi, Aniruddha Sarker, Md Masud Rana and Ahmed Khairul Hasan

Environments 2025, 12(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040123 - 16 Apr 2025

Abstract

The dissipation pattern and mobility of applied pesticides in the soil represent a crucial process for pesticide safety and subsequent groundwater contamination. In this study, two distinct experiments were conducted to explore the environmental fate, dissipation, and mobility of two pesticides, phorate and [...] Read more.

The dissipation pattern and mobility of applied pesticides in the soil represent a crucial process for pesticide safety and subsequent groundwater contamination. In this study, two distinct experiments were conducted to explore the environmental fate, dissipation, and mobility of two pesticides, phorate and boscalid, in greenhouse conditions and laboratory soil column studies, respectively. The role of organic matter and growing conditions was evaluated during dissipation and mobility studies. In the first study, commercial formulations of phorate (10 G) and boscalid (20% SC) were sprayed in the designated greenhouse for Korean cabbage following the recommended dosage. A sequential collection of plant samples (e.g., 0, 7, 14, 21 days) was performed. On the other hand, three sets of packing columns were prepared (control, biochar-amended, and H₂O₂ treated). The effect of organic matter addition or removal during the leaching of pesticides was explored. A 14-day interval after the last spray was suggested for safe spraying. After 30 days of leachate collection, no pesticide residue was detected in the leaching water, indicating the immobility of the studied pesticides. However, the metabolic transformation of phorate was evident during this column study, with slight mobility within soil columns. In particular, phorate sulfoxide and sulfone were mostly detected in the top soil layer (vadose zone) of the soil column. In summary, phorate and boscalid were considered immobile pesticides with moderate persistence in the soils. The safe pre-harvest interval should be maintained to reduce the health risk of pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic and Organic Microcontaminants in Soil, Sediment, Water Systems)

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23 pages, 3249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Filling in the Gaps: Working in Un-Surveyed Areas to Create Baseline Data, Habitat Use and Abundance Estimates for Butterflies in Eastern Wyoming, USA

by Lusha M. Tronstad, Madison Mazur, Zoë Short and Christine Bell

Environments 2025, 12(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040122 - 15 Apr 2025

Abstract

Butterflies are charismatic insects that are critical pollinators for plants that humans and wildlife depend on; however, butterflies have some of the largest measured declines. Two iconic butterflies in the USA, the Regal Fritillary (Argynnis idalia) and the Monarch (Danaus [...] Read more.

Butterflies are charismatic insects that are critical pollinators for plants that humans and wildlife depend on; however, butterflies have some of the largest measured declines. Two iconic butterflies in the USA, the Regal Fritillary (Argynnis idalia) and the Monarch (Danaus plexippus), are proposed for protection due to decreasing numbers from overexploitation, agricultural activities, disease and development. We surveyed 145 sites and walked 557 km from mid-June to August in 2019 and 2021 to create baseline information for butterflies and fill in knowledge gaps for these species. We observed 16,986 individuals and identified 52 species of butterflies. Generally, butterflies were more abundant at lower wind speeds and in areas with higher forb cover and less bare ground. We identified more species in locations with taller grass, higher bloom densities, higher cover of forbs, and less bare ground. We observed 11 Regal Fritillaries and 31 Monarchs extending from northeastern to southeastern Wyoming in a variety of habitats. The predicted suitable habitat of Regal Fritillaries and Monarchs was highly influenced by sagebrush cover and mean temperature of the wettest quarter according to species distribution models. Our results provide information to managers about the status, distribution, and habitat use of butterflies in a previously un-surveyed area. Historical butterfly surveys were limited to mountain ecosystems, and we provide baseline information on the habitat characteristics that support the highest abundances and most species in prairie ecosystems that can be compared to future efforts. Full article

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14 pages, 1813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Physico-Chemical and Radionuclide Characterisation of Soil near a Future Radioactive Waste Management Centre

by Tomislav Bituh, Branko Petrinec, Martina Novosel, Dinko Babić, Davor Rašeta, Iva Hrelja, Marija Galić, Aleksandra Perčin, Ivan Širić, Ivica Kisić, Andrea Rapić and Željka Zgorelec

Environments 2025, 12(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040121 - 15 Apr 2025

Abstract

A future radioactive waste management centre is under development in central Croatia. One of the activities in the centre’s development was to monitor environmental radioactivity before the disposal of radioactive materials. Part of the monitoring programme focused on soil characterisation in the municipality [...] Read more.

A future radioactive waste management centre is under development in central Croatia. One of the activities in the centre’s development was to monitor environmental radioactivity before the disposal of radioactive materials. Part of the monitoring programme focused on soil characterisation in the municipality (total area 1308 km²) surrounding the centre, where about 40% of the soil is today used in organic farming. The study included a physico-chemical and radionuclide characterisation of the soil as well as ambient dose rate measurements. The aim of this study was to investigate how the physical and chemical composition of soil affects the concentration of radionuclides ²³⁸U, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs in soil, based on the measured radionuclide concentrations and values of selected soil parameters. Additionally, the ambient equivalent dose rate H*(10)/t was measured and the annual effective dose was calculated for the average person living in the area of interest. The observed ranges of radionuclide concentrations in the soil samples were: 9–72 Bq/kg for ²³⁸U, 65–823 Bq/kg for ⁴⁰K, and 4–80 Bq/kg for ¹³⁷Cs. Ambient dose equivalent rate measurements were in the range of 52–130 nSv/h. The highest measured values were in correlation with higher ²³⁸U activity concentrations in these parts of the investigated area. The results of this study showed that ²³⁸U had a significant correlation with pH; plant available P; sand, silt, and clay content; hydrolytic acidity; CaCO₃; total carbon, organic matter, and total inorganic and organic carbon; and concentrations of Al, Si, Fe, Ca, Ti, K, Rb, Zr, Nb, Y, Sr, Th, and W. ⁴⁰K showed a significant correlation with pH, sand content, hydrolytic acidity, total hydrogen, total nitrogen, CaCO₃, total carbon, total inorganic carbon, and concentrations of Al, Si, Fe, Ca, Ti, Rb, Zr, Nb, P, Y, Zn, and Th. ¹³⁷Cs showed a significant correlation with silt content, total nitrogen, and Si concentration. Full article

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19 pages, 3652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic Adsorption by Microplastics: Effect of Weathering, Polymer Type, Size, and Shape

by Thomas Easton, Vaibhav Budhiraja, Yuanzhe He, Qi Zhang, Ayushi Arora, Vasileios Koutsos and Efthalia Chatzisymeon

Environments 2025, 12(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040120 - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

The interaction of microplastics (MPs) with organic micropollutants, such as antibiotics, facilitates their transport in aquatic environments, increasing mobility and toxicological risk. The diverse polymer types, sizes, and shapes in wastewater present a challenge in understanding the fate of persistent organic micropollutants. This [...] Read more.

The interaction of microplastics (MPs) with organic micropollutants, such as antibiotics, facilitates their transport in aquatic environments, increasing mobility and toxicological risk. The diverse polymer types, sizes, and shapes in wastewater present a challenge in understanding the fate of persistent organic micropollutants. This study examines ceftazidime adsorption on five polymer types—polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), hard and soft polystyrene (PS), hard and soft polyurethane (PU), and tyre wear particles (TWPs, including three passenger tyres and one truck tyre) in various forms (fibres, beads, foam, and fragments) and sizes (10–1000 µm). MPs underwent weathering (alkaline hydrolysis, UVC-activated H₂O₂, and Xenon lamp irradiation) to simulate environmental conditions. Their physical and chemical changes were analysed through mass loss, carbonyl index, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The adsorption values (mg g⁻¹) for pristine and weathered MPs, respectively, were as follows: PET (0.664 and 1.432), PE (0.210 and 0.234), hard PS (0.17 and 0.24), soft PS (0.53 and 0.48), hard PU (0.19), soft PU (0.17), and passenger TWPs—Bridgestone (0.212), Michelin (0.273), Goodyear (0.288), and Kumho truck TWPs (0.495). The highest and lowest adsorption were observed in weathered PET (1.432 mg g⁻¹) and pristine hard PS/soft PU (0.17 mg g⁻¹), respectively. Sorption kinetics and isothermal models showed that aged MPs exhibited higher sorption due to surface cracks, fragmentation, and increased adsorption sites. These findings enhance scientific knowledge of MP–antibiotic interactions in wastewater and can underpin studies to mitigate MP pollution and their adverse effects on the environment and humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Micropollutants in Water, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 20746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pretreatment Methods for Recovering Active Cathode Material from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Federica Barontini, Flavio Francalanci, Eleonora Stefanelli and Monica Puccini

Environments 2025, 12(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040119 - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

The development of environmentally friendly pretreatment processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for optimizing direct recycling methods. This study explores alternative approaches for recovering active cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs, focusing on environmentally safer options compared to the usually employed toxic [...] Read more.

The development of environmentally friendly pretreatment processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for optimizing direct recycling methods. This study explores alternative approaches for recovering active cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs, focusing on environmentally safer options compared to the usually employed toxic solvent N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), using disassembled batteries as test subjects. Various pretreatment methods, including thermal treatment, selective aluminum foil dissolution with a NaOH solution, and the use of eco-friendly solvents such as triethyl phosphate (TEP), are examined on the cathode sheets. The results show that thermal pretreatment combined with TEP provides the most effective approach, achieving a recovery efficiency of 95% while maintaining the morphology and purity of the recovered materials, making them suitable for direct recycling. These methods are further tested on complete battery cells, simulating industrial-scale operations. The TEP treatment proves particularly promising, ensuring high recovery efficiency and preserving the structural integrity of the materials, with a mean particle diameter of approximately 8 µm. Additionally, when applied to cycled batteries, this pretreatment successfully recovers active materials without contamination. This study provides valuable insights into various pretreatment strategies, contributing to the development of a greener, more efficient direct recycling pretreatment process for spent LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Recycling and Reuse of Industrial By-Products or Waste from Geo-Resource Exploitation)

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13 pages, 877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate, Pollution, and Maternal Health: Investigating the Impact of Temperature and Ozone on Birth Outcomes in Phoenix, Arizona

by Megan Witsoe, Kristin Mickelson, Paul Kang, Samantha Dinh, Brittany Krzyzanowski, Sai Anmisha Doddamreddy, Pooja Doehrman, Guangying Zhou and Jacqueline Nguyen

Environments 2025, 12(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040118 - 11 Apr 2025

Abstract

Human actions have significantly modified the global environment, leading to adverse effects on public health. Pregnant women, being particularly vulnerable, face increasing risks as climate change continues to raise concerns about its influence on maternal and birth outcomes. As climate change persists, exploration [...] Read more.

Human actions have significantly modified the global environment, leading to adverse effects on public health. Pregnant women, being particularly vulnerable, face increasing risks as climate change continues to raise concerns about its influence on maternal and birth outcomes. As climate change persists, exploration of its effects on maternal birth outcomes is of increasing importance. This study investigates two particularly salient factors (temperature and ozone pollution) and their impact on birth outcomes in Phoenix, Arizona. With its unique mountainous terrain, semi-arid climate, and high temperatures, Phoenix creates conditions that expose residents to elevated levels of pollutants and extreme heat. This paper uses a retrospective cohort study of pregnant mothers who delivered during October 2018–December 2020 at St. Joseph’s Hospital and monthly temperature data during the last trimester of each patient’s pregnancy. These data were gathered from the National Weather Service and Ozone Air Quality Index data from the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Our analyses revealed that the highest levels of ozone and elevated temperature exposure were both independently associated with lower birth weights. Furthermore, we found that ozone mediated the effect of temperature on birth weight outcomes (controlling for participants’ sociodemographics), demonstrating that the relationship between temperature and birth weight was explained through increases in ozone pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Human Health)

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29 pages, 4833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subjective and Objective Measurement of Indoor Environmental Quality and Occupant Comfort in a Multinational Graduate Student Office

by Onkangi Ruth, Kazuki Kuga and Kazuhide Ito

Environments 2025, 12(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040117 - 10 Apr 2025

Abstract

In an air-conditioned multinational graduate students’ office in Japan during the winter season, we examined indoor environmental conditions, occupants’ perceptions, and their acceptance levels over five consecutive days. Indoor air quality (IAQ) acceptance peaked on the third day, coinciding with the most favourable [...] Read more.

In an air-conditioned multinational graduate students’ office in Japan during the winter season, we examined indoor environmental conditions, occupants’ perceptions, and their acceptance levels over five consecutive days. Indoor air quality (IAQ) acceptance peaked on the third day, coinciding with the most favourable thermal sensation vote, which was “neutral” at a geometric mean indoor temperature of 25.1 °C. Aural comfort received the lowest acceptance due to ongoing construction work, but did not significantly impact overall IEQ acceptance, thus suggesting that unacceptable aspects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) can be offset by acceptable aspects. IAQ and thermal comfort compensated for its effects, offering insights into occupants’ environmental tolerance. IAQ sensation votes and visual comfort votes exhibit a strong relationship with overall comfort, as indicated by their respective R² values. However, variations in overall comfort are primarily explained by IAQ, which has the highest R² value of 0.50, suggesting that IAQ accounts for 50% of the changes in overall occupant comfort. Non-Japanese participants had lower IEQ acceptance and a significantly higher number of complaints than Japanese participants more so in visual comfort where acceptable luminance levels were higher in Japan than other participants’ countries of origin. Thermal comfort was mutually highly accepted by both groups. Nose and eye irritation were significantly experienced by the international participants due to low RH levels but experiencing loss of concentration and lethargy was comparable in both groups (p > 0.05, t-test). We recommend global coherence in indoor environmental quality standards as is the case with drinking water standards for public health protection and seamless transitions in new indoor environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Air Quality Assessment and Management, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation Forest for Environmental Monitoring: A Data-Driven Approach to Land Management

by Maria Silvia Binetti, Vito Felice Uricchio and Carmine Massarelli

Environments 2025, 12(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040116 - 10 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper examines land management technologies to enhance environmental monitoring more efficiently. The study highlights the interactions between human activities and environmental systems with a data-driven environmental monitoring approach. There are many human pressures, such as pollution, land degradation, and habitat loss, negatively [...] Read more.

This paper examines land management technologies to enhance environmental monitoring more efficiently. The study highlights the interactions between human activities and environmental systems with a data-driven environmental monitoring approach. There are many human pressures, such as pollution, land degradation, and habitat loss, negatively impacting soil health. The methodology proposed improves soil status assessments in response to evolving environmental pressures by utilizing satellite imagery and predictive modeling. The integration of Sentinel-2 imagery, the calculation of various spectral indices (NDVI, NBR, NDMI, EVI, SAVI) at different time intervals, and the application of the Isolation Forest algorithm are employed in this study to determine the specific area that is affected by the environmental issue. The chosen algorithm was favored due to its superior performance in handling high-dimensionality data, enhanced computational efficiency, provision of interpretable results, and insensitivity to disparities in class distribution. This study analyzes two separate study cases at different scales. The first involves wildfire identification achieving an overall accuracy of 98%. The second focuses on the expansion areas to pre-existing quarries with an overall accuracy of 95%. The NBR proved most effective in delineating burned areas, whereas the EVI generated the most remarkable results in the quarry case study. This approach provides an effective and scalable tool for environmental monitoring, supporting sustainable management policies, and strengthening ecosystem resilience. Full article

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