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Volume 10
Issue 2
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Adm. Sci., Volume 10, Issue 2 (June 2020) – 18 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study identifies state-of-the-art Digital Government architectures and addresses a knowledge gap in this research area. The main objective of this article is to study existing best practices and assist Digital Government practitioners with establishing or improving the design of existing or future Digital Government infrastructure and applications. In this article, we developed a broader understanding of the use of architecture and prominent paradigms for establishing Digital Government infrastructure. We focused on existing Digital Government architectures, the characteristics of a Digital Government architecture, associated challenges, and the architectural building blocks of existing Digital Government architectures. These building blocks and characteristics can be employed by governments while establishing their Digital Government infrastructure.
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23 pages, 1633 KiB  
Article
The Issues and Challenges of Local Government Units in the Era of Population Ageing
by Katarzyna Maj-Waśniowska and Tomasz Jedynak
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020036 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 14417
Abstract
So far, issues related to the effects of ageing have been studied mainly from the perspective of national policy and international analyses. The study fills the research gap in this area focusing on the impact of demographic changes on the policy of local [...] Read more.
So far, issues related to the effects of ageing have been studied mainly from the perspective of national policy and international analyses. The study fills the research gap in this area focusing on the impact of demographic changes on the policy of local government units (LGUs). In the first section, a literature review of the research conducted so far has been performed. The empirical part contains the results of the study that was carried out on a sample of 131 municipalities of the Małopolska Voivodeship. The results obtained were subject to statistical analysis, based upon elements of descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and hierarchical clustering (k-means algorithm, Ward’s method) and statistical inference (Chi-square tests). It was found that the most important social problems identified by municipalities include in particular: demographic processes (indicated as significant by 71% of municipalities), population migrations (76%), unemployment (88%), alcoholism (93%) and poverty (75%). On the other hand, the following problems are perceived to a lesser extent: deficits in the level of education (15%) and social capital (36%), as well as participation in public (31%) and cultural (34%) life. However, only a few municipalities, mainly ones that are larger and more urbanised, see the key importance of the intensity of the ageing process (33% of cities with powiat rights, 14% of urban municipalities and only 4% of rural municipalities). Studies also indicate that in the light of the diagnosis of current problems, the greatest challenges associated with an ageing population are related to the lack of adequate financial resources, a decrease in a municipality’s income, a deteriorating situation in the local labour market, reduced family care potential, increased health care costs and social aid. It was also noted that from the municipalities’ point of view, the consequences of an ageing population will not only have a financial dimension, but will also require a certain redefinition of the catalogue of tasks to be carried out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evidence-Based Public Policy Making)
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19 pages, 337 KiB  
Article
Strategic Orientation and Effects of E-Administration: Findings from the Miles and Snow Framework
by Liliana Hawrysz
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020035 - 17 Jun 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5117
Abstract
Much has been written about the strategic orientation of public administration organizations (prospecting, defending, reacting, and analyzing) and their consequences for organizational effects, but little is dedicated to e-administration. Is the provision of services using IT affecting the adoption of strategic orientation and [...] Read more.
Much has been written about the strategic orientation of public administration organizations (prospecting, defending, reacting, and analyzing) and their consequences for organizational effects, but little is dedicated to e-administration. Is the provision of services using IT affecting the adoption of strategic orientation and its effects? The paper is dealing with e-administration issues, specifically in terms of the impact of the Miles and Snow strategic orientation on e-administration effects. To measure e-administration effects, the author’s personal tool using the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) criterion has been proposed. The data collection was conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method, in the period from November 2017 to January 2018. Two hundred and twenty-six Polish organizations took part in the study. The objective of this study, i.e., assessing the impact of strategic orientation and e-administration effects, was achieved by using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. It is indicated that the Defender orientation is positively associated with the effects of e-administration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue E-administration—Its Use and Spread)
24 pages, 345 KiB  
Article
The Legitimation of Planning Processes as a Challenge to Metropolitan Governance
by Anna Growe, Mark Baker and Abbas Ziafati Bafarasat
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020034 - 17 Jun 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3899
Abstract
This study identifies three types of legitimation from the literature that can be applied within metropolitan governance in the contested sphere of spatial planning: input legitimation, throughput legitimation, and output legitimation. The reason for discussing different forms of legitimation within metropolitan governance is [...] Read more.
This study identifies three types of legitimation from the literature that can be applied within metropolitan governance in the contested sphere of spatial planning: input legitimation, throughput legitimation, and output legitimation. The reason for discussing different forms of legitimation within metropolitan governance is that, globally, only a relatively few metropolitan regions are governed directly through a single elected tier of government such as a regional council. Thus, governance mechanisms in most metropolitan regions involve some form of joint working or cross border governance initiatives that have to be legitimized in the absence of a single overarching elected council covering the whole metropolitan area. The main question discussed in this paper is, therefore, whether all three types of legitimation identified are utilized to legitimize governance mechanisms at the metropolitan scale with a specific focus—as a core part of metropolitan governance—on spatial planning processes and projects. In conceptual terms, our typology structures fuzzy lines of legitimation across the three (the “how”, “who” and “what”) suggested aspects of metropolitan governance in the literature. From this point, we draw on cross-case reviews of variables involved in the design, application, and outcome of input, throughput, and output legitimation in Germany and England, chosen because neither has a formal tier of metropolitan-wide government despite their differences in terms of their highly regionalised and highly centralised national government contexts respectively. This relational methodology helps us to learn about the contextual dynamics of how the three types of legitimation might reinforce one another in different international settings, leading to the overall conclusion that they will work best in combination, although output legitimation has a distinctive capacity to work in less formal settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Leadership)
18 pages, 493 KiB  
Article
State Capacity and Tolerance towards Tax Evasion: First Evidence from Romania
by Călin Vâlsan, Elena Druică and Rodica Ianole-Călin
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020033 - 12 Jun 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4046
Abstract
We investigate the level of tolerance towards tax non-compliance and the informal economy in Romania, using a sample of 250 respondents. This variable is determined by a complex set of latent variables that include, but is not limited to, state capacity, social and [...] Read more.
We investigate the level of tolerance towards tax non-compliance and the informal economy in Romania, using a sample of 250 respondents. This variable is determined by a complex set of latent variables that include, but is not limited to, state capacity, social and business norms, the perception of non-compliance, and the perception of distributive justice. We find that our respondents are intolerant towards tax evasion and the informal economy, but the level of intolerance is relatively mild. Using a partial least squares—path modeling approach, we also find that a weak state capacity and the perception of lack of distributive justice increases the level of tolerance. The perception of tax evasion stemming from media reports, and the respondents’ own self-enhancement bias, combine to push the level of tolerance lower. Full article
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25 pages, 1390 KiB  
Article
Have the Reports of TQM’s Death Been Greatly Exaggerated? A Re-Examination of the Concept’s Historical Popularity Trajectory
by Dag Øivind Madsen
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020032 - 21 May 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5107
Abstract
There is a vast literature on Total Quality Management (TQM), one of the most influential management concepts introduced during the twentieth century. In the TQM literature, there are multiple conflicting views on TQM’s historical popularity trajectory. In the past, commentators have debated whether [...] Read more.
There is a vast literature on Total Quality Management (TQM), one of the most influential management concepts introduced during the twentieth century. In the TQM literature, there are multiple conflicting views on TQM’s historical popularity trajectory. In the past, commentators have debated whether TQM represents a lasting trend, or instead should be considered a more short-lived management fad or fashion. Since the 1990s, skeptics have speculated about the imminent fall, death, and burial of TQM, and even delivered eulogies. However, others claim that the level of interest has picked back up and that TQM is alive and well. Therefore, this paper attempts to synthesize and reconcile these differing views on the long-term trajectory of TQM and provide an updated picture and status report, taking into account the latest findings and developments in research and practice. The evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that, even though TQM has become much less noticeable in public management discourse compared to the heydays of the 1980s and 1990s, the concept has persisted and even to this day remains widely used by organizations worldwide. Full article
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19 pages, 1940 KiB  
Article
Indicators of Efficiency in the Pharmaceutical Management of a Public Health System
by Manuel Martínez-Blanes, Francisco Javier Rondán-Cataluña and José Manuel Velarde-Gestera
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020031 - 19 May 2020
Viewed by 3191
Abstract
This practical research arises from a growing interest in offering models that provide a measure of the efficiency of pharmaceutical management in the Public Health System, beyond spending per inhabitant or other similar indices that do not incorporate the effects of the environment. [...] Read more.
This practical research arises from a growing interest in offering models that provide a measure of the efficiency of pharmaceutical management in the Public Health System, beyond spending per inhabitant or other similar indices that do not incorporate the effects of the environment. The main objective of the paper is to design a tool that can measure the relative efficiency of health systems, with respect to the rational use of medicament based on its regional socioeconomic context. The first step was to check if it is possible to apply the efficiency and productivity analysis models, widely used in the economy and companies. We have carefully chosen the context factors that are pertinent and influential in the final index: demographic, sanitary, economic, and social. After selecting and ordering the context variables of the different regions of Spain, they are normalized using the index number transformation or ‘distance’ to a reference. The weighted sum method is used to build the synthetic indicators. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a relative efficiency indicator that assumes the context of performance and allows a comparison between health organizations. The methodology offered in this manuscript could assist policymakers to make better decisions in order to enhance the productivity of the public pharmaceutical system, and it makes available feedback about past decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evidence-Based Public Policy Making)
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25 pages, 2258 KiB  
Article
Embracing Variety in Decision-Making Regarding Adoption of Industry 4.0
by Milou Habraken and Tanya Bondarouk
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020030 - 12 May 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3818
Abstract
Industry 4.0 embodies the three technology-based developmental streams currently available and is widely recognised whether it is viewed as a great step forward or not. Consequently, the interest in the topic of “implementation” regarding Industry 4.0 has grown in recent years. However, data [...] Read more.
Industry 4.0 embodies the three technology-based developmental streams currently available and is widely recognised whether it is viewed as a great step forward or not. Consequently, the interest in the topic of “implementation” regarding Industry 4.0 has grown in recent years. However, data to date depict a somewhat single (technology-push, focused on organisational benefits) way of representing the drivers of Industry 4.0 adoption. In response, this paper intends to show to the scholarly and business communities that discussions in the literature on Industry 4.0 adoption drivers do not fully reflect the Industry 4.0 reality, which seems to us to be much more diverse. In other words, the goal is to provide an overview of the breadth and variation in drivers of Industry 4.0 adoption. This is achieved through assessing eight cases selected from the Dutch national and eastern regional platform for Industry 4.0. The cross-case analysis reveals the diversity in existing Industry 4.0 adoption drivers and highlights the apparent importance of the need-pull approach. It further highlights the relevant role that appears to be played by both internal supporting resources and external parties. Finally, it emphasises the diverse possibilities that the Industry 4.0 streams create. Full article
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16 pages, 320 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Core Self-Evaluations on Group Decision Making Processes: A Laboratory Experiment
by Matteo Cristofaro, Pier Luigi Giardino and Luna Leoni
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020029 - 7 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5091
Abstract
The personal trait called Core Self-Evaluations (CSE) has been receiving increasing attention from behavioral strategy scholars due to its ability to predict job performance and to explain some facets of decision-making processes. However, despite previous studies hypothesizing that managers with high values of [...] Read more.
The personal trait called Core Self-Evaluations (CSE) has been receiving increasing attention from behavioral strategy scholars due to its ability to predict job performance and to explain some facets of decision-making processes. However, despite previous studies hypothesizing that managers with high values of CSE are intuitive thinkers, beyond any doubt of their capacities and that they significantly lead to positive results for their organization, no one has empirically investigated these assumptions. This gap can be substantiated by the following research question: “How do high Core Self-Evaluations influence team decision-making processes?”. Answering it provides insights on how the evaluations that decision makers make about situations (and the consequent actions that are implemented) highly depend on decision makers’ inner traits and their effect on cognition. To fill this gap, 120 graduate students—divided into groups of four—took part in a simulation game and were asked to make decisions acting the role of General Manager of a small-sized manufacturing firm. Tests aimed at identifying the CSE and intuitive/reflecting thinking approach of participants were administered; moreover, the performance resulting from their decision-making processes and their estimation of reached results were collected. Results show that an average level of CSE is preferable to balance intuitive and reflective thinking, as well as avoiding overconfidence bias and reaching the best performance possible. This work suggests that there is a huge misattribution in considering a high level of CSE as being beneficial for decision-making processes and consequent performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Managerial and Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Emerging Issues)
13 pages, 736 KiB  
Article
The Circular Economy Business Model: Examining Consumers’ Acceptance of Recycled Goods
by Cristina Calvo-Porral and Jean-Pierre Lévy-Mangin
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020028 - 2 May 2020
Cited by 84 | Viewed by 12559
Abstract
The circular economy strategy supports the transformation of the linear consumption model into a closed-production model to achieve economic sustainability, with the consumers’ acceptance of circular products being one of the major challenges. Further, one important aspect of product circularity remains unexplored, such [...] Read more.
The circular economy strategy supports the transformation of the linear consumption model into a closed-production model to achieve economic sustainability, with the consumers’ acceptance of circular products being one of the major challenges. Further, one important aspect of product circularity remains unexplored, such as the consumers’ purchase intention of recycled circular goods. In this context, the present study proposes and tests a conceptual model on consumers acceptance of recycled goods through PLS Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), based on the data obtained from 312 respondents. Results indicate that the positive image of circular products is the most important driver of consumers’ acceptance, followed by the product perceived safety. This study provides an empirical foundation for the important role of consumers in circular economy business models through the examination of consumers’ acceptance of recycled goods. Full article
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25 pages, 900 KiB  
Article
Valuing Reciprocal Synergies in Merger and Acquisition Deals Using the Real Option Analysis
by Andrejs Čirjevskis
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020027 - 30 Apr 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7703
Abstract
This research explores how global cosmetic players sense emerging market demand for new technologies and products, seize opportunities through the acquisition of core competencies that they needed, and transform their global value chain. The aim of this paper to assess the prerequisites of [...] Read more.
This research explores how global cosmetic players sense emerging market demand for new technologies and products, seize opportunities through the acquisition of core competencies that they needed, and transform their global value chain. The aim of this paper to assess the prerequisites of reciprocal synergies in merger and acquisition (M&A) deals pursuing global growth. To achieve this aim, the author asked a research question: what is the best way to measure the competence-based synergies as added market value in M&A deals? To answer this question, the author researched the latest theoretical findings on the antecedents of synergy in the merger and acquisition processes. The valuation of reciprocal synergies with real options was discussed with a focus on input variables’ values. Based on in-depth content analysis, the ARCTIC (A—Advantage, R—Relatedness, C—Complexity of Competence, T—Time of Integration, I—Implementation Plan, C—Cultural Fit) framework was developed and tested. The author selected three case studies to test the methodology empirically, namely, L’Oréal’s Body Shop acquisition in 2006 and divestiture in 2017, the acquisition of The Body Shop by Brazilian’s Natura Group in 2017, and the acquisition of Avon Products by Natura that was announced in 2019. The model for the valuation of reciprocal synergies used and discussed real options with a special focus on input variables’ values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effectiveness of Relations in the Inter-Organizational Network)
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12 pages, 272 KiB  
Article
The Dynamics between State Control and Metropolitan Governance Capacity
by Helena Tolkki and Arto Haveri
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020026 - 26 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3528
Abstract
Due to the national importance of metropolitan areas, central governments seek to make them as attractive and competitive as possible. In many cases, this is done through state control over metropolitan areas and their governance arrangements. This article examines the relationship between state [...] Read more.
Due to the national importance of metropolitan areas, central governments seek to make them as attractive and competitive as possible. In many cases, this is done through state control over metropolitan areas and their governance arrangements. This article examines the relationship between state control and metropolitan governance capacity based on a comparative case study of four metropolitan areas: Auckland, Dublin, Montreal and Oslo. These areas represent different models of metropolitan governance, as well as different forms of state control. We studied state control by focusing on political and administrative decentralization: how independently can the metropolitan government make decisions and perform its tasks? The conclusion is that the different dimensions of decentralization are connected to capacity, but not straightforwardly. This study indicates that state involvement through different forms of control can increase metropolitan governance capacity, but only if it is combined with mandate and supportive policy actions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Opportunities and Challenges of Metropolitan Governance)
28 pages, 434 KiB  
Article
A Systematic Literature Review on Existing Digital Government Architectures: State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Prospects
by Baseer Ahmad Baheer, David Lamas and Sónia Sousa
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020025 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 10535
Abstract
System architecture plays a crucial role in the establishment of Digital Government infrastructure. Over recent decades, various architectures have been introduced by scholars for the establishment of Digital Government infrastructure. However, there is no uniform agreement on Digital Government architecture concepts required for [...] Read more.
System architecture plays a crucial role in the establishment of Digital Government infrastructure. Over recent decades, various architectures have been introduced by scholars for the establishment of Digital Government infrastructure. However, there is no uniform agreement on Digital Government architecture concepts required for Digital Government infrastructure. To more thoroughly examine the Digital Government architecture introduced in this article, we collected 103 papers published between 2003 and 2020 retrieved from five leading literature databases. To conduct our research, we followed best practice scholarly accepted guidelines for researchers. Per the guidelines, we formulated research questions and employed an approach based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to meet our research goals. Our study found evidence that there is a lack of knowledge in terms of the state-of-the-art in Digital Government infrastructure and its challenges concerning existing Digital Government architectures. We identified a set of primary Digital Government architecture characteristics and building blocks on which the Digital Government infrastructures are built. These components are meant to improve the design of future Digital Government systems and applications. Furthermore, our research revealed a need for designing a reference architecture to provide government organizations with the best practice knowledge of already existing Digital Government architectures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue E-administration—Its Use and Spread)
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15 pages, 1944 KiB  
Article
The Subsidiarity Principle and National Parliaments Role: From Formal Need to Real Use of Powers
by Ani Matei and Adrian Stelian Dumitru
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020024 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5305
Abstract
Subsidiarity constitutes a guiding principle of the EU exercising power and the idea of involving national parliaments in the EU legislative procedure was seen as the best solution to increase democracy and transparency of the EU decision-making process at the European Convention established [...] Read more.
Subsidiarity constitutes a guiding principle of the EU exercising power and the idea of involving national parliaments in the EU legislative procedure was seen as the best solution to increase democracy and transparency of the EU decision-making process at the European Convention established in 2001. Such a mechanism enables national parliaments to ensure the correct application of the principle of subsidiarity by the institutions taking part in the legislative process. This article examines how this principle is implemented by the national parliaments and EU responsible institutions. What is the novelty derived from the Treaty of Lisbon? Do national parliaments participate actively in the implementation of subsidiarity? If yes, what are the tools at their disposal? To answer all of these questions we try to shape a framework for understanding the phenomenon. Full article
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16 pages, 2440 KiB  
Article
From Trash to Cash: How Blockchain and Multi-Sensor-Driven Artificial Intelligence Can Transform Circular Economy of Plastic Waste?
by Aditya Chidepatil, Prabhleen Bindra, Devyani Kulkarni, Mustafa Qazi, Meghana Kshirsagar and Krishnaswamy Sankaran
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020023 - 15 Apr 2020
Cited by 120 | Viewed by 34012 | Correction
Abstract
Virgin polymers based on petrochemical feedstock are mainly preferred by most plastic goods manufacturers instead of recycled plastic feedstock. Major reason for this is the lack of reliable information about the quality, suitability, and availability of recycled plastics, which is partly due to [...] Read more.
Virgin polymers based on petrochemical feedstock are mainly preferred by most plastic goods manufacturers instead of recycled plastic feedstock. Major reason for this is the lack of reliable information about the quality, suitability, and availability of recycled plastics, which is partly due to lack of proper segregation techniques. In this paper, we present our ongoing efforts to segregate plastics based on its types and improve the reliability of information about recycled plastics using the first-of-its-kind blockchain smart contracts powered by multi-sensor data-fusion algorithms using artificial intelligence. We have demonstrated how different data-fusion modes can be employed to retrieve various physico-chemical parameters of plastic waste for accurate segregation. We have discussed how these smart tools help in efficiently segregating commingled plastics and can be reliably used in the circular economy of plastic. Using these tools, segregators, recyclers, and manufacturers can reliably share data, plan the supply chain, execute purchase orders, and hence, finally increase the use of recycled plastic feedstock. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Ecology and Innovation)
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17 pages, 916 KiB  
Article
Local Government Website Accessibility—Evidence from Poland
by Karol Król and Dariusz Zdonek
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020022 - 31 Mar 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6173
Abstract
The paper investigates the accessibility of local government websites. It focuses in particular on disability, e-administration, and web accessibility standards for the visually impaired. The research involved 182 websites of local government bodies of the Małopolskie Voivodeship (Poland). It employed selected automated testing [...] Read more.
The paper investigates the accessibility of local government websites. It focuses in particular on disability, e-administration, and web accessibility standards for the visually impaired. The research involved 182 websites of local government bodies of the Małopolskie Voivodeship (Poland). It employed selected automated testing applications. The occurrence of selected accessibility tools on the websites was verified with a cognitive walkthrough. A questionnaire survey was conducted as well. Results of the automatic measurements were standardized using the unitarization method. The effort yielded an aggregate final score for each website in the form of the AAR (Aggregate Accessibility Rating). It was used to build a ranking list of the websites and order them by the accessibility criterion. The websites achieved 57.23% of the available AAR points in total. This indicates there is a great opportunity for improvement in the accessibility of the investigated websites (in the employed research design). Moreover, municipalities were found to be heavily committed to the questionnaire survey, which is indicative of the importance and relevance of the problem of accessibility and quality of public websites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue E-administration—Its Use and Spread)
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17 pages, 2518 KiB  
Review
Trends in Scientific Literature on Energy Return Ratio of Renewable Energy Sources for Supporting Policymakers
by Roberto Leonardo Rana, Mariarosaria Lombardi, Pasquale Giungato and Caterina Tricase
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020021 - 29 Mar 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6441
Abstract
The scarcity of fossil fuels and their environmental impact as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have prompted governments around the world to both develop research and foster the use of renewable energy sources (RES), such as biomass, wind, and solar. Therefore, although these efforts [...] Read more.
The scarcity of fossil fuels and their environmental impact as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have prompted governments around the world to both develop research and foster the use of renewable energy sources (RES), such as biomass, wind, and solar. Therefore, although these efforts represent potential solutions for fossil fuel shortages and GHG emission reduction, some doubts have emerged recently regarding their energy efficiency. Indeed, it is very useful to assess their energy gain, which means quantifying and comparing the amount of energy consumed to produce alternative fuels. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyze the trend of the academic literature of studies concerning the indices of the energy return ratio (ERR), such as energy return on energy invested (EROEI), considering biomass, wind and solar energy. This could be useful for institutions and to public organizations in order to redefine their political vision for realizing sustainable socio-economic systems in line with the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies. Results showed that biomass seems to be more expensive and less efficient than the equivalent fossil-based energy, whereas solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy have reached mature and advanced levels of technology. Full article
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10 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
Leadership beyond Narcissism: On the Role of Compassionate Love as Individual Antecedent of Servant Leadership
by Tim Brouns, Kai Externbrink and Pablo Salvador Blesa Aledo
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020020 - 26 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6414
Abstract
While we already know a lot about the outcomes and boundary conditions of servant leadership, there is still a need for research on its antecedents. Building on the theory of purposeful work behavior and further theorizing by van Dierendonck and Patterson (2015), we [...] Read more.
While we already know a lot about the outcomes and boundary conditions of servant leadership, there is still a need for research on its antecedents. Building on the theory of purposeful work behavior and further theorizing by van Dierendonck and Patterson (2015), we examine if leaders’ propensity for compassionate love will evoke servant leadership behavior. At the same time, we contrast compassionate love to leaders’ narcissism as psychological counterpart to compassionate love, because narcissism is not associated with leader effectiveness, but with leader emergence instead. We collected data from 170 leader-follower-dyads in a field study in Germany, while measuring leaders’ compassionate love and narcissism, and followers’ perceptions of servant leadership. We found a positive association between leaders’ compassionate love and servant leadership behavior, while narcissism was negatively associated with servant leadership. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as pathways for future research are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Leadership)
2 pages, 147 KiB  
Addendum
Addendum: Lehmann, T. et al. Cluster Policy in the Light of Institutional Context—A Comparative Study of Transition Countries. Adm. Sci. 2015, 5, 188–212
by Tine Lehmann and Maximilian Benner
Adm. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020019 - 25 Mar 2020
Viewed by 2404
Abstract
The authors would like to make the following corrections to the published paper (Lehmann and Benner 2015) [...] Full article
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