Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Facial Phenotype in Adolescents: A Study Based on Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample Characteristics
2.3. Instruments and Measures
2.4. Confounders
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | EtG10− | EtG10+ | Statistics | EtG112− | EtG112+ | Statistics | Self− | Self+ | Statistics | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n: | 129 | 97 | 32 | t(df) a,c | p | d | 109 | 20 | t(df) a,c | p | d | 97 | 32 | t(df) a,c | p | d |
Prenatal: | ||||||||||||||||
EtG (ng/g) | 82.7 (301.2) | -- | 333.4 (537.0) | -- | -- | -- | 5.28 (17.4) | 504.7 (622.7) | −19.0 (127) | 0.000 ** | 1.13 | 92.5 (342.6) | 52.9 (99.4) | −1.44 (127) | 0.153 | 0.16 |
sex (m/f) a | 66/63 | 51/46 | 15/17 | 0.31 | 0.576 | 0.49 | 57/52 | 9/11 | 0.36 | 0.549 | 0.53 | 46/51 | 20/12 | 2.19 | 0.139 | 0.13 |
birth weight (grams) | 3439 (450.9) | 3382 (411.8) | 3613 (522.2) | −2.28 (44.4) | 0.027 * | 0.49 | 3408 (441.7) | 3612 (473.0) | −1.88 (127) | 0.062 + | 0.45 | 3393 (451.8) | 3579 (424.9) | −2.05 (127) | 0.042 * | 0.42 |
maternal age at delivery (years) | 32.7 (4.53) | 32.5 (4.73) | 33.1 (3.92) | −0.63 (127) | 0.533 | 0.14 | 32.7 (4.63) | 32.6 (4.06) | 0.15 (127) | 0.881 | 0.02 | 32.1 (4.61) | 34.5 (3.79) | −2.67 (127) | 0.009 ** | 0.57 |
maternal smoking pregnancy d | 0.65 (2.31) | 0.60 (2.21) | 0.81 (2.63) | −0.45 (127) | 0.651 | 0.19 | 0.53 (2.09) | 1.30 (3.26) | −1.37 (127) | 0.173 | 0.28 | 0.60 (2.21) | 0.81 (2.63) | −0.45 (127) | 0.651 | 0.09 |
Today: | ||||||||||||||||
age (years) | 13.30 (0.32) | 13.2 (0.27) | 13.4 (0.39) | −2.47 (41.3) | 0.018 * | 0.60 | 13.20 (0.29) | 13.41 (0.42) | −1.91 (22.3) | 0.068 + | 0.58 | 13.31 (0.31) | 13.29 (0.34) | −0.77 (127) | 0.44 | 0.06 |
weight (kg) | 50.9 (10.2) | 49.94 (9.61) | 53.64 (11.38) | −1.81 (127) | 0.073 + | 0.35 | 50.2 (9.95) | 54.7 (10.7) | −1.84 (127) | 0.068 + | 0.44 | 50.8 (10.3) | 51.1 (9.95) | −0.13 (127) | 0.896 | 0.03 |
height (cm) | 161.4 (7.83) | 161.1 (7.70) | 162.24 (8.32) | −0.70 (127) | 0.487 | 0.14 | 161.0 (7.57) | 163.4 (9.12) | −1.22 (127) | 0.226 | 0.29 | 161.6 (7.63) | 160.7 (8.49) | 0.56 (127) | 0.575 | 0.11 |
head (cm) | 55.0 (1.68) | 54.87 (1.77) | 55.23 (1.37) | −1.07 (127) | 0.285 | 0.23 | 54.9 (1.72) | 55.3 (1.47) | −0.87 (127) | 0.387 | 0.25 | 54.84 (1.64) | 55.32 (1.77) | −1.40 (127) | 0.162 | 0.28 |
family status b | 11.5 (2.14) | 11.39 (2.26) | 11.8 (1.74) | −0.89 (127) | 0.374 | 0.20 | 11.47 (2.19) | 11.6 (1.90) | −0.25 (127) | 0.801 | 0.09 | 11.4 (2.17) | 11.9 (2.02) | −1.27 (127) | 0.204 | 0.24 |
fluid reasoning | 108.2 (14.8) | 110.4 (11.7) | 101.7 (20.3) | 2.23 (37.0) | 0.032 * | 0.61 | 110.2 (11.3) | 97.0 (24.0) | 2.37 (19.5) | 0.028 * | 0.70 | 108.4 (15.3) | 107.5 (12.8) | 0.27 (120) | 0.786 | 0.06 |
working memory | 110.7 (12.8) | 111.2 (12.3) | 109.1 (14.8) | 0.70 (112) | 0.484 | 0.15 | 111.3 (12.1) | 107.2 (17.2) | 0.88 (16.1) | 0.392 | 0.28 | 111.2 (12.2) | 109.3 (14.8) | 0.66 (112) | 0.512 | 0.14 |
PFL Len (mm) | 27.4 (1.29) | 27.5 (1.28) | 27.2 (1.32) | 1.12 (127) | 0.264 | 0.23 | 27.45 (1.24) | 27.16 (1.57) | 0.94 (127) | 0.351 | 0.20 | 27.45 (1.37) | 27.28 (1.02) | 0.74 (70.6) | 0.464 | 0.14 |
Z | −1.93 (1.00) | −1.86 (0.98) | −2.14 (1.03) | 1.38 (127) | 0.172 | 0.28 | −1.88 (0.95) | −2.17 (1.23) | 1.19 (127) | 0.237 | 0.26 | −1.90 (1.06) | −2.03 (0.80) | 0.80 (68.8) | 0.429 | 0.14 |
ICD Len (mm) | 31.9 (2.47) | 31.76 (2.57) | 32.2 (2.16) | −0.90 (127) | 0.371 | 0.19 | 31.8 (2.52) | 32.4 (2.17) | −0.98 (127) | 0.321 | 0.26 | 31.6 (2.35) | 32.7 (2.68) | −2.20 (127) | 0.029 * | 0.44 |
Z | 0.40 (1.03) | 0.35 (1.07) | 0.55 (1.00) | −0.93 (127) | 0.354 | 0.19 | 0.34 (1.05) | 0.62 (0.88) | −1.05 (127) | 0.297 | 0.29 | 0.29 (0.98) | 0.74 (1.11) | −2.18 (127) | −0.451 | 0.43 |
lip circularity | 57.4 (12.0) | 56.9 (10.7) | 58.9 (15.3) | −0.69 (41.5) | 0.416 | 0.15 | 56.5 (10.7) | 62.2 (17.0) | −1.44 (21.8) | 0.164 | 0.40 | 58.0 (11.7) | 55.3 (12.9) | 1.12 (127) | 0.263 | 0.22 |
Rater 1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFL | ICD | Circularity | |||||
Length | z-score | Length | z-score | ||||
Rater 2 | PFL a | Length | 0.884 ** | 0.887 ** | 0.127 | 0.128 | −0.090 |
z-score | 0.869 ** | 0.876 ** | 0.097 | 0.098 | −0.079 | ||
ICD | Length | 0.047 | 0.039 | 0.970 ** | 0.970 ** | −0.132 | |
z-score | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.964 ** | 0.965 ** | −0.120 | ||
Circularity | −0.195 * | −0.186 * | −0.036 | −0.037 | 0.727 ** |
PFL | ICD | Circularity a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Len | Z | Len | Z | ||
EtG a | −0.060 (0.500) | −0.083 (0.350) | 0.086 (0.335) | 0.089 (0.313) | 0.085 (0.337) |
sex (male/female) | 3.09 (0.002) ** | 3.00 (0.002) ** | 2.60 (0.011) * | 2.51 (0.013) * | −1.55 (0.124) |
age (years) | 0.113 (0.200) | 0.038 0(.669) | 0.091 (0.305) | 0.080 (0.365) | −0.169 (0.055) + |
birth weight (grams) | 0.308 (0.000) ** | 0.293 (0.001) ** | 0.253 (0.004) ** | 0.247 (0.005) ** | −0.054 (.544) |
weight (grams) | 0.256 (0.003) ** | 0.223 (0.011) * | 0.204 (0.020) * | 0.202 (0.022) * | −0.162 (0.066) + |
height (cm) | 0.382 (0.000) ** | 0.349 (0.000) ** | 0.203 (0.021) * | 0.198 (0.025) * | −0.239 (0.006) ** |
head (cm) | 0.300 (0.001) ** | 0.284 (0.001) ** | 0.348 (0.000) ** | 0.338 (0.000) ** | −0.008 (0.925) |
family status | −0.056 (0.531) | −0.052 (0.556) | −0.154 (0.081) + | −0.162 (0.066) + | −0.059 (0.503) |
maternal age at delivery | −0.067 (0.450) | −0.075 (0.396) | 0.069 (0.439) | 0.070 (0.431) | 0.088 (0.320) |
maternal smoking pregnancy | 0.021 (0.816) | 0.022 (0.802) | 0.005 (0.959) | 0.004 (0.965) | 0.032 (0.721) |
EtG10 | EtG112 | Self-Report | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | ηp2 | F | p | ηp2 | F | p | ηp2 | |
PFL Length | 6.72 | 0.000 ** | 0.280 | 6.53 | 0.000 ** | 0.274 | 6.18 | 0.000 ** | 0.263 |
EtG/Self | 4.79 | 0.031 * | 0.038 | 3.76 | 0.055 + | 0.030 | 1.96 | 0.164 | 0.016 |
sex | 3.94 | 0.049 * | 0.032 | 4.09 | 0.045* | 0.033 | 5.16 | 0.025 * | 0.041 |
age | 0.06 | 0.806 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.916 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.888 | 0.000 |
birth weight | 9.15 | 0.003 ** | 0.070 | 8.30 | 0.005 ** | 0.064 | 7.58 | 0.007 ** | 0.059 |
height | 8.59 | 0.004 ** | 0.066 | 9.55 | 0.002 ** | 0.073 | 8.49 | 0.004 ** | 0.066 |
weight | 0.07 | 0.799 | 0.001 | 0.32 | 0.895 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.960 | 0.000 |
head circumference | 0.14 | 0.711 | 0.001 | 0.12 | 0.733 | 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.619 | 0.002 |
PFL z-score | 5.99 | 0.000 ** | 0.257 | 5.83 | 0.000 ** | 0.252 | 5.46 | 0.000 ** | 0.240 |
EtG/Self | 4.76 | 0.031 * | 0.038 | 3.88 | 0.051 + | 0.031 | 1.89 | 0.172 | 0.015 |
sex | 3.51 | 0.063 + | 0.028 | 3.65 | 0.058 + | 0.029 | 4.66 | 0.033 * | 0.037 |
age | 0.35 | 0.558 | 0.003 | 0.53 | 0.469 | 0.004 | 0.97 | 0.327 | 0.008 |
birth weight | 8.56 | 0.004 ** | 0.066 | 7.77 | 0.006 ** | 0.060 | 7.03 | 0.009 ** | 0.055 |
height | 7.80 | 0.006 ** | 0.061 | 8.72 | 0.004 ** | 0.067 | 7.73 | 0.006 ** | 0.060 |
weight | 0.02 | 0.887 | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.935 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.961 | 0.000 |
head circumference | 0.23 | 0.663 | 0.002 | 0.20 | 0.656 | 0.002 | 0.36 | 0.549 | 0.003 |
ICD Len | 3.35 | 0.003 ** | 0.162 | 3.38 | 0.002 ** | 0.164 | 3.75 | 0.001 ** | 0.178 |
EtG/Self | 0.08 | 0.777 | 0.001 | 0.27 | 0.607 | 0.002 | 2.43 | 0.122 | 0.020 |
sex | 2.06 | 0.154 | 0.017 | 2.11 | 0.149 | 0.017 | 1.70 | 0.195 | 0.014 |
age | 0.01 | 0.904 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.883 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.881 | 0.000 |
birth weight | 2.25 | 0.136 | 0.018 | 2.24 | 0.137 | 0.018 | 1.95 | 0.165 | 0.016 |
height | 0.16 | 0.686 | 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.697 | 0.001 | 0.32 | 0.575 | 0.003 |
weight | 0.23 | 0.633 | 0.002 | 0.22 | 0.641 | 0.002 | 0.22 | 0.638 | 0.002 |
head circumference | 4.47 | 0.037 * | 0.036 | 4.52 | 0.036 * | 0.036 | 4.02 | 0.047 * | 0.032 |
ICD z-score | 3.17 | 0.004 ** | 0.155 | 3.21 | 0.004 ** | 0.157 | 3.56 | 0.002 ** | 0.171 |
EtG/Self | 0.12 | 0.726 | 0.001 | 0.35 | 0.554 | 0.003 | 2.41 | 0.123 | 0.020 |
sex | 1.84 | 0.166 | 0.016 | 1.99 | 0.161 | 0.016 | 1.58 | 0.212 | 0.013 |
age | 0.06 | 0.808 | 0.000 | 0.07 | 0.788 | 0.001 | 0.07 | 0.793 | 0.001 |
birth weight | 2.16 | 0.145 | 0.018 | 2.16 | 0.145 | 0.018 | 1.90 | 0.171 | 0.015 |
height | 0.15 | 0.701 | 0.001 | 0.13 | 0.716 | 0.001 | 0.28 | 0.594 | 0.002 |
weight | 0.27 | 0.605 | 0.002 | 0.26 | 0.612 | 0.002 | 0.27 | 0.604 | 0.002 |
head circumference | 4.14 | 0.044 * | 0.033 | 4.20 | 0.043 * | 0.034 | 3.71 | 0.056 * | 0.030 |
Circularity | 2.31 | 0.031 * | 0.118 | 2.98 | 0.006 ** | 0.147 | 2.49 | 0.020 * | 0.126 |
EtG/Self | 0.92 | 0.340 | 0.008 | 5.09 | 0.026 * | 0.040 | 2.04 | 0.156 | 0.017 |
sex | 3.12 | 0.080 + | 0.025 | 2.92 | 0.090 + | 0.024 | 3.08 | 0.082 + | 0.025 |
age | 2.25 | 0.136 | 0.018 | 2.92 | 0.090 + | 0.024 | 1.56 | 0.214 | 0.13 |
birth weight | 0.26 | 0.661 | 0.002 | 0.44 | 0.506 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.896 | 0.000 |
height | 3.83 | 0.053 + | 0.031 | 4.20 | 0.043 * | 0.034 | 4.86 | 0.029 * | 0.039 |
weight | 0.37 | 0.543 | 0.003 | 0.50 | 0.479 | 0.004 | 0.22 | 0.644 | 0.002 |
head circumference | 3.77 | 0.055 + | 0.003 | 4.10 | 0.045 * | 0.033 | 4.17 | 0.043 * | 0.033 |
n | Fluid Reasoning Index | Working Memory Index | |
---|---|---|---|
EtG10+ | 32 (df = 16) | ||
PFL len | 0.113 (0.654) | 0.058 (0.818) | |
PFL z-score | 0.117 (0.644) | 0.044 (0.861) | |
Circularity | −0.509 (0.031 *) | −0.418 (0.084 +) | |
EtG112+ | 20 (df = 7) | ||
PFL len | −0.010 (0.980) | −0.129 (0.741) | |
PFL z-score | 0.007 (0.986) | −0.129 (0.741) | |
Circularity | −0.391 (0.298) | −0.528 (0.144) |
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Maschke, J.; Roetner, J.; Goecke, T.W.; Fasching, P.A.; Beckmann, M.W.; Kratz, O.; Moll, G.H.; Lenz, B.; Kornhuber, J.; Eichler, A.; et al. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Facial Phenotype in Adolescents: A Study Based on Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020154
Maschke J, Roetner J, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Kratz O, Moll GH, Lenz B, Kornhuber J, Eichler A, et al. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Facial Phenotype in Adolescents: A Study Based on Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(2):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020154
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaschke, Janina, Jakob Roetner, Tamme W. Goecke, Peter A. Fasching, Matthias W. Beckmann, Oliver Kratz, Gunther H. Moll, Bernd Lenz, Johannes Kornhuber, Anna Eichler, and et al. 2021. "Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Facial Phenotype in Adolescents: A Study Based on Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide" Brain Sciences 11, no. 2: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020154