Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. PD Prevalence
2.2. Exposure Variables
2.2.1. Annual Precipitation
2.2.2. pH of Precipitation
2.2.3. Acid Precipitation Index
2.2.4. Well Water Use
2.2.5. Sulfuric Acid
2.2.6. Ultraviolet Index
2.2.7. Smoking
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) | Range (State) |
---|---|---|
Parkinson’s disease prevalence rates | 1325.0 (185.4) | 802.9 (MN)–1719.8 (NY) |
Sulfuric acid release amount | 846,954.5 (1,299,945.3) | 250 (SD)–7,609,755 (TN) |
pH value | 4.81 (0.4) | 5.43 (SD)–4.22 (OH) |
Precipitation amount | 37.5 (13.6) | 9.46 (NV)–59.15 (LA) |
Acid Precipiation Index (API) | 83.12 (38.5) | 15.23 (NV)–131.6 (AL) |
Well-water usage rate | 17.3% (9.9) | 3% (UT)–44% (ME) |
Smoking prevalence rate | 22.9% (3.0) | 12.9% (UT)–30.5% (KY) |
UV Index | 25.1 (6.3) | 14.63 (WA)–39.72 (FL) |
Model | Predictor | β-Coefficient | t-Value | p-Value | AIC 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH alone | Mean pH | −255.7 | −4.01 | 0.0002 | 469.90 |
Precipitation alone | Mean Precipitation | 7.0 | 4.14 | 0.0001 | 509.95 |
Well water alone | Well-water use | −6.2 | −2.42 | 0.0193 | 519.48 |
UV alone | UV Index | 9.6 | 2.32 | 0.0249 | 499.23 |
Smoking alone | Smoking prevalence | 6.0 | 0.69 | 0.4965 | 524.75 |
Sulfuric acid alone | Log sulfuric acid | 24.3 | 2.13 | 0.0381 | 520.71 |
API alone | API | 2.7 | 4.48 | <0.0001 | 466.95 |
Full (API + well water + UV + smoking + sulfuric acid) | API | 2.6 | 3.9 | 0.0004 | 447.85 |
Well-water use | −7.7 | −2.8 | 0.0078 | ||
UV Index | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.6532 | ||
Smoking prevalence | 0.01 | 0 | 0.9989 | ||
Log sulfuric acid | 15.8 | 1.3 | 0.1996 | ||
Final (API + well water + sulfuric acid) | API | 2.6 | 4.43 | <0.0001 | 452.79 |
Well-water use | −8.4 | 0.0001 | |||
Log sulfuric acid | 18.0 | 0.0968 |
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Schwartz, G.G.; Williamson, M.R. Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060779
Schwartz GG, Williamson MR. Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(6):779. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060779
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchwartz, Gary G., and Mark R. Williamson. 2021. "Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States" Brain Sciences 11, no. 6: 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060779