Association between Individual Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Availability and Response to Pharmacological Therapy in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Design and Measurements
2.3. Initial NET Availability
2.4. Definition of Therapy Response, Health Limitations and Social Limitations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Sample
3.1.1. Case Description
- ID 01
- ID 02
- ID 03
- ID 04
- ID 05
- ID 06
- ID 07
- ID 08
- ID 09
- ID 10
3.1.2. Case Summary
3.2. Association of NET Availability with Health or Social Limitations and Improvement Due to Treatment at the Group Level
3.3. Association of NET Availability with Health or Social Limitations and Improvement Due to Treatment at the Individual Level
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) a | 26 | 26 | 53 | 35 | 36 | 39 | 26 | 34 | 31 | 38 | 34.3 | 8.2 |
Sex | M | F | M | M | F | F | M | M | M | F | ||
Therapy response 1 | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | ||
Medical therapy dose (mg) | MPH 80 | MPH 20 | MPH 40 | MPH 40 | MPH 20 | ATX 40 LDX 70 | MPH 10 | MPH 10 | MPH 30 ATX 80 LDX 70 | MPH 60 | ||
Duration (months) b | 26 | 21 | 8 | 39 | 38 | 22 | / 2 | 18 | 30 | 40 | ||
Other therapy | None | None | None | None | None | None | ST NFB | None | None | None | ||
Complications | None | MDD AD SD | None | None | None | MDD | MDD AD | None | None | MDD | ||
Therapy for complication | None | PSYT CITA 40, 23 m | None | None | None | PSYT TMS | PSYT | None | None | PSYT | ||
Physical diseases | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | LTHY | ||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Prior | S | S | P | P | S | S | S | P | S | P | ||
Follow-up | P | S | P | P | P | S | S | P | D | P | ||
Graduation | ||||||||||||
Prior | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | ||
Follow-up | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | ||
Job status | ||||||||||||
Prior | STU | UE | E | UE | E | E | STU | E | E | E | ||
Follow-up | E | E | E | E | E | E | STU | E | E | E | ||
CAARS DSM-Global (R) | ||||||||||||
Prior | 33 | 42 | 32 | 36 | 28 | 42 | 44 | 24 | 39 | 45 | 36.5 | 7.1 |
Follow-up | 34 | 49 | 31 | 8 | 30 | 38 | 41 | 32 | 18 | 25 | 30.6 | 11.6 |
CAARS DSM-Global (T) | ||||||||||||
Prior | 76 | 90 | 90 | 84 | 71 | 89 | 90 | 68 | 84 | 90 | 83.2 | 8.5 |
Follow-up | 77 | 90 | 88 | 46 | 74 | 84 | 86 | 79 | 60 | 67 | 75.1 | 13.9 |
BDI | ||||||||||||
Prior | 3 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 10 | 0 | 33 | 1 | 17 | 40 | 12.6 | 13.7 |
Follow-up | 0 | 36 | 3 | 5 | 17 | 19 | 45 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 14.5 | 15.2 |
MADRS | ||||||||||||
Prior | 11 | 7 | 7 | 21 | 15 | 8 | 19 | 7 | 6 | 15 | 11.6 | 5.5 |
Follow-up | 2 | 24 | 7 | 0 | 12 | 23 | 27 | 15 | 10 | 4 | 9.2 | 7.9 |
AUDIT | ||||||||||||
Prior | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 4.6 | 3.2 |
Follow-up | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3.4 | 2.3 |
DUDIT | ||||||||||||
Prior | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 2.0 | 2.9 |
Follow-up | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | 2.5 |
DIVA-C | ||||||||||||
Prior | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | ||
Follow-up | ||||||||||||
Work/Education | L | M | M | M | None | M | H | M | M | None | ||
Relationship | M | M | M | M | M | None | None | M | L | L | ||
Social contacts | L | None | L | H | M | L | L | H | H | None | ||
Hobby | M | L | M | H | L | M | None | L | M | L | ||
Self-confidence | H | None | None | H | M | M | None | M | M | None | ||
Overall | M | L | M | H | L | L | L | M | M | L | ||
PHQ-D | ||||||||||||
Prior | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | ||
Follow-up | ||||||||||||
Depressive syndrome | 3 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 25 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 10.6 | 7.8 |
Panic syndrome | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | ||
Other anxiety syndrome | 0 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.5 | 6.1 |
Somatic syndrome | 1 | 17 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 9 | 16 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8.2 | 6.5 |
Psychosocial stressors | 1 | 12 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 18 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 6.9 | 5.5 |
Bulimia nervosa | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | ||
Binge-eating disorder | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | ||
Alcohol syndrome | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N |
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Huang, J.; Mauche, N.; Rullmann, M.; Ulke, C.; Becker, G.-A.; Patt, M.; Zientek, F.; Hesse, S.; Sabri, O.; Strauß, M. Association between Individual Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Availability and Response to Pharmacological Therapy in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12080965
Huang J, Mauche N, Rullmann M, Ulke C, Becker G-A, Patt M, Zientek F, Hesse S, Sabri O, Strauß M. Association between Individual Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Availability and Response to Pharmacological Therapy in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(8):965. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12080965
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Jue, Nicole Mauche, Michael Rullmann, Christine Ulke, Georg-Alexander Becker, Marianne Patt, Franziska Zientek, Swen Hesse, Osama Sabri, and Maria Strauß. 2022. "Association between Individual Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Availability and Response to Pharmacological Therapy in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)" Brain Sciences 12, no. 8: 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12080965
APA StyleHuang, J., Mauche, N., Rullmann, M., Ulke, C., Becker, G. -A., Patt, M., Zientek, F., Hesse, S., Sabri, O., & Strauß, M. (2022). Association between Individual Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Availability and Response to Pharmacological Therapy in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sciences, 12(8), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12080965