Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potential of the Essential Oil Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and Its Major Components Myrcene and α-Pinene
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Essential Oil and Monoterpenes
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. DPPH and ABTS Assays
2.4. Plasmid DNA Protection Assay
2.5. Cell Culture and Treatments
2.6. SRB Assay
2.7. Real-Time Polymerase Reaction (RT-qPCR)
2.8. Wound Healing—Scratch Assay
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cell-Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Mastic Essential Oil and Its Major Components, Myrcene and α-Pinene
3.2. Antioxidant Capacity of Mastic Essential Oil, Myrcene, and α-Pinene as Monitored by Plasmid DNA Protection Assay
3.3. Cytotoxicity Profiles of Mastic Essential Oil, Myrcene, and α-Pinene in Human Epidermal Keratinocyte (HaCaT) Cells
3.4. Effects of Mastic Essential Oil and Its Major Components, Myrcene and α-Pinene, on the Expression Levels of Antioxidant Response Genes
3.5. Cytoprotective and Regenerative Effects of Mastic Oil and Its Major Components on HaCaT Cells after UVB Irradiation
3.6. Cytoprotective Effects of Mastic Essential Oil, Myrcene, and α-Pinene against H2O2 Cytotoxicity in HaCaT Cells
3.7. Effects of Mastic Essential Oil and Its Major Components, Myrcene or α-Pinene, on Migration and Regeneration of HaCaT Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward Primer (5′→3′) | Reverse Primer (5′→3′) | Accession Number | |
---|---|---|---|---|
β-actin | GCGCGGCTACAGCTTCA | CTTAATGTCACGCACGATTTCC | NM_001101.5 | |
CAT | ACATCTGAAGGATCCGGACA | ATGCAGAGACTCAGGACGTA | NM_001752.4 | |
GPX1 | GGCAAGGAGAACGCCAAGA | AGCATGAAGTTGGGCTCGAA | NM_001329455.2 | |
GSR | GAGGTGCTGAAGTTCTCCCA | TGACTTCCAAGCCCGACAAA | NM_000637.5 | |
GSTP1 | TGGTGGACATGGTGAATGAC | AGATGTATTTGCAGCGGAGG | NM_000852.4 | |
HMXO1 | CAGTCAGGCAGAGGGTGATA | CTCCTCAAAGAGCTGGATGTT | NM_002133.3 | |
NRF2 | CAGCTTTTGGCGCAGACATT | AAGTGACTGAAACGTAGCCGA | NM_006164.5 | |
NQO1 | CCAGAAAGGACATCACAGGTAA | AGACTCGGCAGGATACTGAA | NM_001025434.2 | |
SOD1 | GAGACCTGGGCAATGTGACT | GTTTACTGCGCAATCCCAAT | NM_000454.5 |
IC50 (μM) | ||
---|---|---|
DPPH | ABTS | |
Mastic oil | n.d. | n.d. |
Myrcene | n.d. | n.d. |
α-Pinene | n.d. | n.d. |
Ascorbic acid | 26.13 ± 0.16 | 30.71 ± 0.24 |
Inhibition (%) | ||
---|---|---|
DPPH | ABTS | |
Myrcene (40.5 mg/mL) | 29.22 ± 6 | 0 |
α-Pinene (43.5 mg/mL) | 47.9 ± 2.78 | 49.28 ± 3.55 |
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Xanthis, V.; Fitsiou, E.; Voulgaridou, G.-P.; Bogadakis, A.; Chlichlia, K.; Galanis, A.; Pappa, A. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potential of the Essential Oil Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and Its Major Components Myrcene and α-Pinene. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010127
Xanthis V, Fitsiou E, Voulgaridou G-P, Bogadakis A, Chlichlia K, Galanis A, Pappa A. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potential of the Essential Oil Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and Its Major Components Myrcene and α-Pinene. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(1):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010127
Chicago/Turabian StyleXanthis, Vasileios, Eleni Fitsiou, Georgia-Persephoni Voulgaridou, Athanasios Bogadakis, Katerina Chlichlia, Alex Galanis, and Aglaia Pappa. 2021. "Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potential of the Essential Oil Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and Its Major Components Myrcene and α-Pinene" Antioxidants 10, no. 1: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010127
APA StyleXanthis, V., Fitsiou, E., Voulgaridou, G. -P., Bogadakis, A., Chlichlia, K., Galanis, A., & Pappa, A. (2021). Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potential of the Essential Oil Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and Its Major Components Myrcene and α-Pinene. Antioxidants, 10(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010127