Comprehensive Biological and Chemical Evaluation of Two Seseli Species (S. gummiferum and S. transcaucasicum)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Extraction Procedure
2.2. Phytochemical Composition
2.3. UHPLC(-)HESI-QqQ-MS/MS Targeted Metabolic Analysis
2.4. Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Assays
2.5. Cytotoxicity towards HaCaT Cells
2.6. Scratch-Wound Healing Assay
2.7. Antibacterial Activity
2.8. HaCaT Cell Invasion and Adhesion Assay
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extracts | TPC (mg GAE/g) | TFC (mg RE/g) | PDA (mmol TE/g) |
---|---|---|---|
S. gummiferum-MeOH | 24.33 ± 0.84 a | 7.33 ± 0.50 b | 0.90 ± 0.09 b |
S. gummiferum-Water | 21.18 ± 0.14 b | 0.48 ± 0.04 c | 0.78 ± 0.09 b |
S. transcaucasicum-MeOH | 23.72 ± 0.69 a | 10.09 ± 0.20 a | 1.18 ± 0.12 a |
S. transcaucasicum-Water | 19.09 ± 0.09 c | 0.45 ± 0.04 c | 0.66 ± 0.11 b |
Polyphenolic Constituents (µg/g) | S. gummiferum-MeOH | S. gummiferum-Water | S. transcaucasicum-MeOH | S. transcaucasicum-Water |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gallic acid | 37.81 | 22.27 | 31.94 | 8.70 |
Protocatechuic acid | 61.33 | 66.32 | 73.02 | 66.25 |
Syringic acid | 51.53 | 53.35 | 57.80 | 54.19 |
Aesculin | 56.41 | 59.77 | 70.60 | 58.97 |
Epigallocatechin | 51.28 | 60.91 | 75.05 | 40.98 |
Chlorogenic acid | 210.96 | 198.53 | 243.12 | 107.48 |
Aesculetin | 8.05 | 6.89 | 11.15 | 4.77 |
Caffeic acid | 11.86 | 11.65 | 15.37 | 5.38 |
Isoorientin | 3.80 | 3.10 | 5.79 | 4.38 |
Rutin | 15.22 | 14.42 | 54.52 | 26.00 |
p-Coumaric acid | 18.69 | 27.16 | 28.93 | 24.67 |
Isoquercetin | 8.67 | 6.87 | 21.56 | 8.73 |
Narcissin | 202.13 | 57.61 | 261.40 | 61.29 |
Quercitrin | 2.20 | 2.49 | 4.59 | 2.26 |
Rosmarinic acid | 8.20 | 4.91 | 2.98 | 2.73 |
Apigenin | 2.27 | 2.35 | 3.33 | 2.45 |
Naringenin | 2.05 | NF | 3.33 | 2.80 |
Hispidulin | 5.18 | 1.94 | 9.49 | 9.70 |
NF—not found |
Extracts | DPPH (mg TE/g) | ABTS (mg TE/g) | CUPRAC (mg TE/g) | FRAP (mg TE/g) | MCA (mg EDTAE/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. gummiferum-MeOH | 10.24 ± 0.67 a,b | 51.91 ± 0.81 a | 53.20 ± 2.38 a | 33.32 ± 0.57 a,b | 15.93 ± 0.45 c |
S. gummiferum-Water | 11.45 ± 0.77 a | 46.78 ± 1.03 b | 44.28 ± 1.18 b,c | 34.14 ± 0.14 a | 22.76 ± 0.36 b |
S. transcaucasicum-MeOH | 5.51 ± 0.94 c | 43.46 ± 0.97 c | 48.07 ± 1.58 b | 32.44 ± 0.99 b,c | 14.38 ± 0.24 d |
S. transcaucasicum-Water | 8.53 ± 0.38 b | 45.70 ± 0.88 b,c | 41.67 ± 0.33 c | 31.26 ± 0.52 c | 38.57 ± 0.93 a |
Extracts | AChE (mg GALAE/g) | BChE (mg GALAE/g) | Tyrosinase (mg KAE/g) | Amylase (mmol ACAE/g) | Glucosidase (mmol ACAE/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. gummiferum-MeOH | 3.48 ± 0.09 b | 8.90 ± 0.35 a | 107.15 ± 1.38 b | 0.78 ± 0.01 a | na |
S. gummiferum-Water | 0.35 ± 0.08 c | 6.52 ± 0.97 b | na | 0.12 ± 0.02 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 |
S. transcaucasicum-MeOH | 4.53 ± 0.19 a | 9.71 ± 0.47 a | 109.37 ± 0.38 a | 0.78 ± 0.01 a | na |
S. transcaucasicum-Water | 0.15 ± 0.05 d | 1.66 ± 0.17 c | na | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | na |
Extracts | IC50 (µg/mL) |
---|---|
S. gummiferum-MeOH | >500 |
S. gummiferum-Water | 267.8 ± 4.14 |
S. transcaucasicum-MeOH | >500 |
S. transcaucasicum-Water | 321.41 ± 1.25 |
Extract | Wound Healing (%) |
---|---|
S. gummiferum-MeOH | 31.23 ± 2.24 |
S. gummiferum-Water | NE |
S. transcaucasicum-MeOH | 28.21 ± 2.64 |
S. transcaucasicum-Water | NE |
Control | 26.37 ± 3.56 |
Extract | Staphylococcus lugdunensis | |
---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | |
S. gummiferum-MeOH | 0.025 | 0.5 |
S. gummiferum-Water | 0.5 | 1 |
S. transcaucasicum-MeOH | 0.5 | 1 |
S. transcaucasicum-Water | 1 | 2 |
Streptomycin | 0.003 | 0.006 |
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Zengin, G.; Stojković, D.; Mahomoodally, M.F.; Jugreet, B.S.; Paksoy, M.Y.; Ivanov, M.; Gašić, U.; Gallo, M.; Montesano, D. Comprehensive Biological and Chemical Evaluation of Two Seseli Species (S. gummiferum and S. transcaucasicum). Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101510
Zengin G, Stojković D, Mahomoodally MF, Jugreet BS, Paksoy MY, Ivanov M, Gašić U, Gallo M, Montesano D. Comprehensive Biological and Chemical Evaluation of Two Seseli Species (S. gummiferum and S. transcaucasicum). Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101510
Chicago/Turabian StyleZengin, Gokhan, Dejan Stojković, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Bibi Sharmeen Jugreet, Mehmet Yavuz Paksoy, Marija Ivanov, Uroš Gašić, Monica Gallo, and Domenico Montesano. 2021. "Comprehensive Biological and Chemical Evaluation of Two Seseli Species (S. gummiferum and S. transcaucasicum)" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101510