Humulene Inhibits Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing Mucosal Integrity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Cell Culture
2.2. Animals
2.3. Induction of Gastric Injury in Rats by HCl/Ethanol Injection
administration)]/(length of negative control) × 100
2.4. Histological Examination and Gastric Wall Mucus Determination
2.5. Gastric Anti-Secretory Activity
2.6. Acid-Neutralizing Capacity
2.7. MTS Cell Viability Assay
2.8. Histamine Assay
2.9. Measurement of Intracellular Calcium Level
2.10. Measurement of Intracellular Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Levels
2.11. Measurement of Prostagland E2 (PGE2) Levels
2.12. Measurement of Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels
2.13. Measurement of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
2.14. Measurement of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2.15. RNA Isolation and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.16. Western Blotting
2.17. NF-κB Luciferase Reporter Assay
2.18. Immunofluorescent Staining
2.19. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. α-Humulene Attenuates Mucosal Lesions in an HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastritis Model
3.2. α-Humulene Increases mRNA Expression Levels of Mucus-Stabilizing Factors in HCl-Ethanol-Injured Stomach Tissues
3.3. α-Humulene Decreases MDA Levels and Enhances of PGE2 Expression and SOD Activity
3.4. α-Humulene Has a Weak Acid-Neutralizing Capacity
3.5. α-Humulene Inhibits Histamine Release in HMC-1 Cells through Ca2+ and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
3.6. α-Humulene Inhibits Inflammation-Related Factors in PMA-Stimulated HMC-1 Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Volume (mL) | Titratable Acidity (Meq/L) |
---|---|---|
Control | 6.60 ± 1.01 | 91.72 ± 17.36 |
Ranitidine | 5.67 ± 1.45 | 64.95 ± 13.23 |
α-Humulene | 2.41 ± 0.61 a | 44.98 ± 8.89 b |
Material | NaOH Consumtion Volume (μL) | Acid-Neutralizing Capacity (%) |
---|---|---|
Control | 50.67 ± 0.94 | − |
CaCO3 | 14.33 ± 2.62 ** | 71.71 |
α-Humulene | 45.00 ± 0.82 ** | 11.18 |
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Yeo, D.; Hwang, S.-J.; Song, Y.-S.; Lee, H.-J. Humulene Inhibits Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing Mucosal Integrity. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050761
Yeo D, Hwang S-J, Song Y-S, Lee H-J. Humulene Inhibits Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing Mucosal Integrity. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(5):761. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050761
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeo, Dahee, Su-Jung Hwang, Ye-Seul Song, and Hyo-Jong Lee. 2021. "Humulene Inhibits Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing Mucosal Integrity" Antioxidants 10, no. 5: 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050761