A Novel Insight into Screening for Antioxidant Peptides from Hazelnut Protein: Based on the Properties of Amino Acid Residues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Analysis
2.2.1. Inhibition Activity Assay of Linoleic Acid Oxidation
2.2.2. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
2.2.3. Metal Ion Chelation Activity Assay
2.3. Synthesis of Dipeptides
2.4. BIOPEP Database Analysis
2.5. Selection of Protease
2.6. Preparation of Hazelnut Protein Hydrolysates
2.7. Analysis of Peptide Sequence
2.8. DFT Calculations
2.9. Inhibition of Hazelnut Oil Oxidation Assay
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Antioxidant Activity of Amino Acids and Dipeptides
3.2. BIOPEP Database Analysis
3.3. Selection of Protease
3.4. Screening of Antioxidant Peptides
3.5. DFT Calculation of Peptides
3.5.1. Frontier Molecular Orbital Energy of Peptides
3.5.2. Fukui Function
3.6. Effects of Tyrosine Residue’s Location on the Antioxidant Activity of Peptides
3.7. Application of Hazelnut Peptide FSEY in Inhibiting Lipid Oxidation
4. Discussion
4.1. Chemical Test: We Found Four Key Amino Acid Residues
4.2. DFT Calculation: Tyr, Trp, Met, and Cys Are Active Sites
4.3. BIOPEP Database Analysis: Rules of Molecular Weight, GRAVY Value and Active Amino Acid Residue’s Location
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EC Number | Name | Preferential Cleavage Sites | Inhibition Rate (IR, %) |
---|---|---|---|
3.4.21.1 | Chymotrypsin | Cleaves, Tyr-|-Xaa, Trp-|-Xaa, Phe-|-Xaa, and Leu-|-Xaa | —1 |
3.4.21.62 | Alcalase Novo/ Bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase | Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, especially aromatic or hydrophobic amino acids. Cleaves, Glu-|-Xaa, Met-|-Xaa, Leu-|-Xaa, Tyr-|-Xaa, Lys-|-Xaa, Trp-|-Xaa, and Gln-|-Xaa | 95.11 ± 0.71 |
3.4.23.1 | Pepsin A (pH = 1.3) | Preferential cleavage, hydrophobic, preferably aromatic. Cleaves, Phe-|-Val, Gln-|-His, Glu-|-Ala, Ala-|-Leu, Leu-|-Tyr, Tyr-|-Leu, Gly-|-Phe, Phe-|-Phe, and Phe-|-Tyr | —1 |
3.4.24.27 | Bacillolysin/ Bacillus subtilis neutral proteinase | Cleaves, Xaa-|-Leu> Xaa-|-Phe | 81.44 ± 1.94 |
Number | Sequence | Length | Mw (Da) | GRAVY | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | FSEY | 4 | 544.55 | −0.70 | With Tyr, Trp, or Met residue at the C-terminal. |
2 | QIESW | 5 | 661.70 | −0.84 | |
3 | SEGFEW | 6 | 753.75 | −1.05 | |
4 | IDLGTTY | 7 | 781.85 | 0.24 | |
5 | GEGFFEM | 7 | 815.88 | −0.04 | |
6 | AHSVVYAIR | 9 | 1015.16 | 0.74 | With Tyr residue in the sequence. |
7 | NLNQCQRYM | 9 | 1169.33 | −1.29 | With Cys, Tyr, and Met residues in the sequence. |
8 | HLHSAT | 6 | 664.71 | −0.38 | With ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging ability. |
9 | ADGF | 4 | 408.40 | 0.18 |
Dipeptide | EHOMO | ELUMO | E-Gap | GE Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
With GE value higher than 1 | WC | −5.61 | −0.73 | 4.87 | 1.13 ± 0.04 |
WY | −5.59 | −0.61 | 4.98 | 80.28 ± 0.68 | |
MW | −5.91 | −0.75 | 5.15 | 31.59 ± 1.13 | |
MC | −6.21 | −0.88 | 5.33 | 2.24 ± 0.03 | |
MY | −6.08 | −0.59 | 5.49 | 56.17 ± 6.44 | |
MH | −5.91 | −0.52 | 5.39 | 2.56 ± 0.68 | |
YH | −5.99 | −0.34 | 5.65 | 16.06 ± 1.09 | |
With GE value between 0.5~1 | WD | −5.75 | −0.61 | 5.13 | 0.70 ± 0.02 |
MD | −6.17 | −0.73 | 5.45 | 0.75 ± 0.21 | |
YC | −6.29 | −0.63 | 5.66 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | |
YD | −6.26 | −0.60 | 5.66 | 0.64 ± 0.08 | |
CH | −6.17 | −0.47 | 5.70 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | |
With GE value less than 0.5 | WH | −4.77 | −0.29 | 4.48 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
WP | −5.59 | −0.52 | 5.07 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | |
YP | −6.14 | −0.47 | 5.67 | 0.36 ± 0.12 | |
KD | −6.42 | −0.68 | 5.75 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | |
CD | −6.63 | −0.76 | 5.88 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | |
IR | −6.27 | −0.16 | 5.94 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
AH | −6.54 | −0.34 | 6.00 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | |
MP | −6.16 | −0.14 | 6.02 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | |
KP | −6.34 | −0.05 | 6.29 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
CP | −6.57 | −0.18 | 6.39 | 0.70 ± 0.05 |
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Shi, C.; Liu, M.; Zhao, H.; Lv, Z.; Liang, L.; Zhang, B. A Novel Insight into Screening for Antioxidant Peptides from Hazelnut Protein: Based on the Properties of Amino Acid Residues. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010127
Shi C, Liu M, Zhao H, Lv Z, Liang L, Zhang B. A Novel Insight into Screening for Antioxidant Peptides from Hazelnut Protein: Based on the Properties of Amino Acid Residues. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(1):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010127
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Chenshan, Miaomiao Liu, Hongfei Zhao, Zhaolin Lv, Lisong Liang, and Bolin Zhang. 2022. "A Novel Insight into Screening for Antioxidant Peptides from Hazelnut Protein: Based on the Properties of Amino Acid Residues" Antioxidants 11, no. 1: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010127