A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC

Karg, Cornelia A.; Parráková, Lucia; Fuchs, Dietmar; Schennach, Harald; Kräutler, Bernhard; Moser, Simone; Gostner, Johanna M.

doi:10.3390/antiox11102056

Open AccessArticle

A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC

by

Cornelia A. Karg

¹,

Lucia Parráková

²,

Dietmar Fuchs

³

,

Harald Schennach

⁴,

Bernhard Kräutler

⁵,

Simone Moser

^1,* and

Johanna M. Gostner

^2,*

¹

Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81977 Munich, Germany

²

Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

³

Institute of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

⁴

Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

⁵

Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102056

Submission received: 12 September 2022 / Revised: 30 September 2022 / Accepted: 7 October 2022 / Published: 19 October 2022

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Abstract

Phyllobilins are natural products derived from the degradation of chlorophyll, which proceeds via a common and strictly controlled pathway in higher plants. The resulting tetrapyrrolic catabolites—the phyllobilins—are ubiquitous in nature; despite their high abundance, there is still a lack of knowledge about their physiological properties. Phyllobilins are part of human nutrition and were shown to be potent antioxidants accounting with interesting physiological properties. Three different naturally occurring types of phyllobilins—a phylloleucobilin, a dioxobilin-type phylloleucobilin and a phylloxanthobilin (PxB)—were compared regarding potential antioxidative properties in a cell-free and in a cell-based antioxidant activity test system, demonstrating the strongest effect for the PxB. Moreover, the PxB was investigated for its capacity to interfere with immunoregulatory metabolic pathways of tryptophan breakdown in human blood peripheral mononuclear cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of tryptophan catabolism to kynurenine was observed, suggesting a suppressive effect on pathways of cellular immune activation. Although the exact mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects are yet unknown, these prominent bioactivities point towards health-relevant effects, which warrant further mechanistic investigations and the assessment of the in vivo extrapolatability of results. Thus, phyllobilins are a still surprisingly unexplored family of natural products that merit further investigation.

Keywords: natural products; tetrapyrroles; phyllobilin; tryptophan; kynurenine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Karg, C.A.; Parráková, L.; Fuchs, D.; Schennach, H.; Kräutler, B.; Moser, S.; Gostner, J.M. A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102056

AMA Style

Karg CA, Parráková L, Fuchs D, Schennach H, Kräutler B, Moser S, Gostner JM. A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(10):2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102056

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karg, Cornelia A., Lucia Parráková, Dietmar Fuchs, Harald Schennach, Bernhard Kräutler, Simone Moser, and Johanna M. Gostner. 2022. "A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC" Antioxidants 11, no. 10: 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102056

APA Style

Karg, C. A., Parráková, L., Fuchs, D., Schennach, H., Kräutler, B., Moser, S., & Gostner, J. M. (2022). A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC. Antioxidants, 11(10), 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102056

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A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC

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