Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammatory Response, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Hu Sheep in Response to Dietary Soluble Protein Levels with Decreased Crude Protein Content
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Dietary Treatments and Animal Management
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Slaughter Performance and Visceral Organ Indexes
2.5. Determination of Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Immunity Responses
2.6. Analysis of Meat Quality and Fatty Acids
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Slaughter Performance and Organ Indexes
3.2. Antioxidant Capacity
3.3. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Immunity Responses
3.4. Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profiles
3.5. Interactions of Meat Quality of Longissimus Lumborum Muscle with Antioxidant Capacity in Different Organs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Treatments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CON | SPA | SPB | SPC | |
Ingredient, % of DM | ||||
Mixed silage 1 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Corn | 34 | 35.5 | 35.65 | 38 |
Soybean meal | 5 | - | 1.5 | - |
Wheat bran | 8.5 | 11 | 11 | 10 |
Urea | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Corn protein meal | 1 | 2 | 0.15 | - |
NaHCO3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Premix 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
NaCl | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Nutritive level, g/kg (measured values except as noted) | ||||
DE (MJ/kg) 3 | 14.73 | 14.65 | 14.81 | 14.76 |
CP | 166.9 | 155.1 | 155.7 | 156.5 |
SP (% of CP) | 23.5 | 21.2 | 25.9 | 29.4 |
EE | 33.5 | 34.6 | 34.5 | 34.8 |
NDF | 459.9 | 442.1 | 471.2 | 478.7 |
ADF | 271.7 | 266.7 | 274.9 | 276.2 |
Ash | 123.3 | 123.2 | 119.6 | 115.6 |
Ca | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
P | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.4 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | SPA | SPB | SPC | |||
SC, kg | 1.24 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.191 | 0.225 |
SC Index, % | 2.67 a | 2.19 b | 1.96 b | 2.12 b | 0.365 | 0.046 |
Rumen, % of SC | 64.87 | 61.36 | 57.68 | 62.79 | 4.273 | 0.213 |
Reticulum, % of SC | 9.17 | 12.26 | 13.03 | 10.62 | 2.652 | 0.309 |
Omasum, % of SC | 9.39 b | 9.71 b | 14.17 a | 8.87 b | 2.911 | 0.032 |
Abomasum, % of SC | 16.56 | 16.68 | 15.13 | 17.72 | 2.437 | 0.692 |
Parameters | Organ Type | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | SPA | SPB | SPC | ||||
IL-1β (pg/mL) | Serum | 363.51 b | 589.87 a | 499.68 ab | 467.19 ab | 54.629 | 0.001 |
Liver | 367.66 | 541.42 | 415.55 | 512.15 | 36.913 | 0.089 | |
Kidney | 451.63 | 562.06 | 415.54 | 465.16 | 36.893 | 0.112 | |
Spleen | 494.15 b | 654.68 a | 554.61 ab | 455.21 b | 59.141 | 0.044 | |
Rumen | 405.88 b | 654.61 a | 455.21 ab | 456.46 ab | 73.556 | 0.012 | |
Duodenum | 483.07 | 738.63 | 575.25 | 604.47 | 67.917 | 0.123 | |
Jejunum | 583.30 | 559.52 | 451.61 | 654.51 | 50.263 | 0.434 | |
Ileum | 302.57 | 582.50 | 496.86 | 413.90 | 18.802 | 0.323 | |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | Serum | 147.88 b | 279.06 a | 235.61 ab | 205.29 b | 21.408 | 0.001 |
Liver | 389.78 | 456.41 | 365.98 | 489.71 | 30.001 | 0.367 | |
Kidney | 254.22 | 294.63 | 246.54 | 286.40 | 33.904 | 0.372 | |
Spleen | 145.45 | 154.46 | 125.46 | 142.14 | 67.911 | 0.579 | |
Rumen | 162.45 | 154.22 | 142.15 | 148.26 | 35.267 | 0.635 | |
Duodenum | 396.98 b | 460.92 a | 408.55 ab | 493.55 a | 68.661 | 0.028 | |
Jejunum | 367.19 | 401.07 | 322.97 | 382.59 | 92.674 | 0.147 | |
Ileum | 320.79 | 348.85 | 308.64 | 333.74 | 46.670 | 0.211 | |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | Serum | 12.72 b | 13.67 a | 12.20 b | 12.62 ab | 1.689 | 0.002 |
Liver | 8.41 | 9.62 | 9.65 | 10.65 | 0.933 | 0.621 | |
Kidney | 6.55 | 6.57 | 5.97 | 6.65 | 0.699 | 0.517 | |
Spleen | 4.65 | 4.55 | 4.11 | 5.15 | 1.184 | 0.575 | |
Rumen | 2.26 | 2.32 | 2.21 | 3.51 | 0.917 | 0.804 | |
Duodenum | 4.75 | 6.38 | 5.71 | 6.07 | 0.488 | 0.358 | |
Jejunum | 4.31 b | 5.91 a | 4.16 b | 4.02 b | 0.376 | 0.043 | |
Ileum | 5.20 | 5.30 | 4.26 | 4.85 | 0.183 | 0.186 |
Items | Organ Type | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | SPA | SPB | SPC | ||||
IgA (ug/mL) | Serum | 24.30 b | 24.36 b | 30.02 a | 28.15 ab | 8.611 | 0.001 |
Liver | 56.42 a | 45.29 b | 54.22 a | 49.16 ab | 3.668 | 0.033 | |
Kidney | 31.54 | 26.51 | 41.51 | 42.62 | 4.829 | 0.089 | |
Spleen | 21.54 | 24.21 | 22.54 | 25.16 | 2.997 | 0.572 | |
Rumen | 57.84 | 65.42 | 59.42 | 68.98 | 3.825 | 0.093 | |
Duodenum | 105.98 a | 77.31 b | 100.01 a | 91.80 ab | 8.655 | 0.015 | |
Jejunum | 54.51 | 46.06 | 52.02 | 51.76 | 2.774 | 0.301 | |
Ileum | 68.72 | 55.80 | 65.41 | 56.06 | 11.239 | 0.638 | |
IgM (ug/mL) | Serum | 400.55 | 368.54 | 377.91 | 396.00 | 60.713 | 0.093 |
Liver | 351.27 a | 314.65 b | 364.13 a | 346.13 ab | 82.516 | 0.035 | |
Kidney | 145.13 | 142.11 | 146.51 | 141.42 | 40.373 | 0.452 | |
Spleen | 214.65 | 214.56 | 146.52 | 261.45 | 59.537 | 0.301 | |
Rumen | 717.56 | 704.52 | 715.67 | 714.56 | 55.175 | 0.497 | |
Duodenum | 734.92 a | 620.77 b | 725.39 ab | 729.36 ab | 56.642 | 0.034 | |
Jejunum | 458.15 | 410.13 | 414.76 | 452.68 | 58.993 | 0.638 | |
Ileum | 610.13 | 584.45 | 643.55 | 663.68 | 77.570 | 0.044 |
Parameters | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | SPA | SPB | SPC | |||
Fatty acid composition | ||||||
C10:0 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.004 | 0.062 |
C12:0 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.001 | 0.105 |
C13:0 | 0.70 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.021 | 0.211 |
C14:0 | 5.91 a | 2.52 b | 2.25 b | 2.32 b | 0.256 | 0.015 |
C14:1 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.009 | 0.554 |
C15:0 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.022 | 0.578 |
C15:1 | 17.56 | 19.80 | 20.59 | 18.99 | 1.156 | 0.118 |
C16:0 | 27.80 a | 26.01 ab | 24.15 b | 25.43 b | 2.189 | 0.034 |
C16:1 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.12 | 0.054 | 0.582 |
C17:0 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.044 | 0.185 |
C18:0 | 1.51 | 1.23 | 0.97 | 1.12 | 0.106 | 0.755 |
C18:1n9c | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 0.61 | 0.032 | 0.102 |
C18:2n6c | 3.35 b | 4.01 ab | 4.89 a | 4.77 a | 0.258 | 0.044 |
C20:0 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.199 |
C18:3n6 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.103 |
C18:3n3 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.008 | 0.733 |
C20:1 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.383 |
C20:2 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.002 | 0.884 |
C20:3n3 | 2.56 b | 2.81 ab | 3.16 a | 3.02 ab | 0.156 | 0.022 |
C22:1n9 | 0.81 | 0.9 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.083 | 0.382 |
C23:0 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.004 | 0.229 |
C22:6n3 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.003 | 0.244 |
Fatty acid classification | ||||||
SFA | 55.1 a | 51.86 ab | 50.49 b | 50.21 b | 4.532 | 0.003 |
MUFA | 20.35 | 22.37 | 23.18 | 21.88 | 2.835 | 0.221 |
PUFA | 6.30 b | 7.18 ab | 8.54 a | 8.29 a | 0.582 | 0.034 |
PUFA/SFA | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.001 | 0.332 |
n-6 PUFA | 3.4 | 4.04 | 4.98 | 4.83 | 0.224 | 0.144 |
n-3 PUFA | 2.81 b | 3.06 ab | 3.50 a | 3.38 a | 0.002 | 0.025 |
n-6/n-3 PUFA | 1.21 b | 1.32 ab | 1.42 a | 1.43 a | 1.976 | 0.034 |
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Zhang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zhong, X.; Zhu, J.; Yu, X.; Lu, Y.; Lu, Z.; Sun, X.; et al. Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammatory Response, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Hu Sheep in Response to Dietary Soluble Protein Levels with Decreased Crude Protein Content. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122098
Zhang X, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhong X, Zhu J, Yu X, Lu Y, Lu Z, Sun X, et al. Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammatory Response, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Hu Sheep in Response to Dietary Soluble Protein Levels with Decreased Crude Protein Content. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122098
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xin, Zhenbin Zhang, Yiquan Sun, Yang Liu, Xinhuang Zhong, Jun Zhu, Xiang Yu, Yue Lu, Zhiqi Lu, Xuezhao Sun, and et al. 2023. "Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammatory Response, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Hu Sheep in Response to Dietary Soluble Protein Levels with Decreased Crude Protein Content" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122098