Enhancement of Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Properties of Beeswax Alcohol in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein: Safeguarding against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Isolation of Human Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
2.3. Human apoA-I Purification
2.4. Oxidation of LDL in the Presence of Lipid-Free BWA
2.5. Anti-Glycation Activity of Lipid-Free BWA
2.6. Synthesis of Reconstituted HDL and Electrophoresis
2.7. Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) Analysis of Reconstituted HDL
2.8. LDL Oxidation in the Presence of rHDL
2.9. Anti-Glycation Activity of BWA in rHDL
2.10. Protein Determination
2.11. Antioxidant Activities in the rHDL
2.12. Zebrafish Maintenance
2.13. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Lipid-Free BWA in Zebrafish
2.14. Liver Histology
2.15. Microinjection of CML and rHDL into Zebrafish Embryos
2.16. Visulizing Oxidative Stress and, Apoptosis in the Embryo
2.17. Cutaneous Wound Formation
2.18. Visual Observation of Wound Healing
2.19. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Antioxidant Ability of BWA against LDL Oxidation
3.2. Anti-Glycation Activity of BWA against CML-Induced Modification of HDL
3.3. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of BWA against CML-Induced Acute Paralysis of Zebrafish
3.4. Amelioration of Hepatic Damage
3.5. Immunohistochemistry for Interleukin (IL)-6
3.6. Synthesis of Reconstituted HDL Containing BWA
3.7. Electrophoretic Profiles of rHDL Containing BWA
3.8. Electron Microscopy Observations
3.9. Anti-Glycation Activity of BWA in rHDL
3.10. Antioxidant Ability of BWA in rHDL against LDL Oxidation
3.11. Enhancement of the Antioxidant Ability of HDL by rHDL Containing BWA
3.12. Protection of Embryo Death by BWA in rHDL
3.13. BWA in rHDL Facilitated the Healing of Cutaneous Wounds
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Initial Molar Ratio POPC:FC:apoA-I:BWA 1 | Final Amount (μg) in 0.7 mL (POPC:FC:apoA-I:BWA) | WMF (nm) | Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
rHDL-0 | 95:5:1:0 | 2600:70:1000:0 | 330.9 ± 0.1 | 61.2 ± 1.6 |
rHDL-0.5 | 95:5:1:0.5 | 2600:70:1000:7.5 | 331.0 ± 0.0 | 65.4 ± 2.3 |
rHDL-1 | 95:5:1:1 | 2600:70:1000:15 | 331.4 ± 0.1 | 70.5 ± 2.3 |
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Cho, K.-H.; Baek, S.-H.; Nam, H.-S.; Bahuguna, A. Enhancement of Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Properties of Beeswax Alcohol in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein: Safeguarding against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122116
Cho K-H, Baek S-H, Nam H-S, Bahuguna A. Enhancement of Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Properties of Beeswax Alcohol in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein: Safeguarding against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122116
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Kyung-Hyun, Seung-Hee Baek, Hyo-Seon Nam, and Ashutosh Bahuguna. 2023. "Enhancement of Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Properties of Beeswax Alcohol in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein: Safeguarding against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122116