Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of New Romanian Lavandula Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Preparation Steps of Plant Materials
2.2. Extraction Steps of the Essential Oils
2.2.1. Microwave-Assisted Extraction
2.2.2. Hydrodistillation
2.3. Extraction Steps of Polyphenolic Compounds
2.4. GC-MS/MS Analysis of Essential Oils
2.5. HPLC-DAD Analysis of Polyphenolic Compounds
2.6. Antioxidant Potential of Bioactive Compounds
2.6.1. Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential by Inhibiting the DPPH Free Radical
2.6.2. Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential by Inhibiting the ABTS●+ Cationic Radical
2.6.3. Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential by Ferric Ion Reduction (FRAP)
2.7. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Bioactive Compounds against Gram-Positive Bacteria
2.7.1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
2.7.2. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
2.8. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Bioactive Compounds against Different Types of Fungus
2.8.1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
2.8.2. Minimum Fungicide Concentration
2.9. Evaluation of the Antiproliferative Potential of Bioactive Compounds
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sampling and Preparation of Plant Materials
3.2. Essential Oils Extraction
3.3. Polyphenolic Compounds Extraction
3.4. GC-MS/MS Analysis of Essential Oils
3.5. HPLC-DAD Analysis of Polyphenolic Compounds
3.6. Antioxidant Potential of Bioactive Compounds
3.6.1. Antioxidant Potential by DPPH Free Radical Inhibition
3.6.2. Antioxidant Potential by Inhibiting the ABTS●+ Cationic Radical
3.6.3. Antioxidant Potential through Ferric Ion Reduction (FRAP)
3.7. Antimicrobial Potential of Bioactive Compounds against Gram-Positive Bacteria
3.8. Antimicrobial Potential of Bioactive Compounds against Different Type of Fungus
3.9. Antiproliferative Potential of Bioactive Compounds
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Essential Oil | Inflorescence Mass (g) | Oil Volume (mL) | Oil Mass (g) | Extraction Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | ||||
LA | 450 | 5.00 | 3.68 | 0.82 ± 0.002 e |
LL | 450 | 7.00 | 5.53 | 1.23 ± 0.001 c |
G90 | 450 | 11.00 | 8.98 | 2.00 ± 0.020 a |
HD | ||||
LA | 450 | 3.83 | 2.82 | 0.63 ± 0.010 f |
LL | 450 | 6.30 | 4.98 | 1.11 ± 0.010 d |
G90 | 450 | 8.10 | 6.61 | 1.47 ± 0.002 b |
No.
Crt. |
Grinding
Degree | Solvent Used | Solvent Report (%) |
Plant Material/
Solvent Ratio |
Extract
Mass (g) | Extraction Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. angustifolia | ||||||
1 | G1 | EtOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.076 ± 0.006 | 5.05 ± 0.40 f |
2 | G2 | EtOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.110 ± 0.020 | 7.33 ± 1.37 ef |
3 | G1 | EtOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.100 ± 0.008 | 6.67 ± 0.52 ef |
4 | G2 | EtOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.120 ± 0.026 | 8.00 ± 1.73 ef |
5 | G1 | EtOH | 70 | 1:20 | 0.211 ± 0.018 | 14.04 ± 1.18 acd |
6 | G2 | EtOH | 70 | 1:20 | 0.225 ± 0.021 | 15.01 ± 1.38 ac |
7 | G1 | EtOH | 70 | 1:40 | 0.245 ± 0.011 | 16.30 ± 0.70 ab |
8 | G2 | EtOH | 70 | 1:40 | 0.259 ± 0.007 | 17.28 ± 0.46 a |
9 | G1 | MeOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.150 ± 0.006 | 10.03 ± 0.41 cf |
10 | G2 | MeOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.128 ± 0.029 | 8.55 ± 1.96 def |
11 | G1 | MeOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.167 ± 0.016 | 11.12 ± 1.06 bce |
12 | G2 | MeOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.155 ± 0.005 | 10.33 ± 0.32 cf |
L. latifolia | ||||||
1 | G1 | EtOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.097 ± 0.011 | 6.48 ± 0.76 d |
2 | G2 | EtOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.135 ± 0.010 | 8.98 ± 0.67 bcd |
3 | G1 | EtOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.132 ± 0.004 | 8.79 ± 0.26 cd |
4 | G2 | EtOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.149 ± 0.010 | 9.96 ± 0.64 bc |
5 | G1 | EtOH | 70 | 1:20 | 0.166 ± 0.016 | 11.04 ± 1.03 ac |
6 | G2 | EtOH | 70 | 1:20 | 0.173 ± 0.011 | 11.52 ± 0.74 ac |
7 | G1 | EtOH | 70 | 1:40 | 0.181 ± 0.005 | 12.04 ± 0.36 ab |
8 | G2 | EtOH | 70 | 1:40 | 0.212 ± 0.005 | 14.11 ± 0.32 a |
9 | G1 | MeOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.160 ± 0.010 | 10.64 ± 0.69 bc |
10 | G2 | MeOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.149 ± 0.002 | 9.96 ± 0.13 bc |
11 | G1 | MeOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.170 ± 0.006 | 11.32 ± 0.39 ac |
12 | G2 | MeOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.168 ± 0.010 | 11.19 ± 0.63 ac |
George 90 | ||||||
1 | G1 | EtOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.130 ± 0.012 | 8.67 ± 0.80 e |
2 | G2 | EtOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.150 ± 0.017 | 10.00 ± 1.16 e |
3 | G1 | EtOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.157 ± 0.026 | 10.44 ± 1.77 e |
4 | G2 | EtOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.180 ± 0.002 | 12.02 ± 0.12 de |
5 | G1 | EtOH | 70 | 1:20 | 0.274 ± 0.011 | 18.27 ± 0.75 abc |
6 | G2 | EtOH | 70 | 1:20 | 0.298 ± 0.018 | 19.83 ± 1.21 a |
7 | G1 | EtOH | 70 | 1:40 | 0.279 ± 0.011 | 18.62 ± 0.77 ab |
8 | G2 | EtOH | 70 | 1:40 | 0.334 ± 0.032 | 22.26 ± 2.10 a |
9 | G1 | MeOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.186 ± 0.003 | 12.39 ± 0.21 cde |
10 | G2 | MeOH | 50 | 1:20 | 0.178 ± 0.016 | 11.88 ± 1.06 de |
11 | G1 | MeOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.265 ± 0.003 | 17.68 ± 0.20 ad |
12 | G2 | MeOH | 50 | 1:40 | 0.200 ± 0.030 | 13.34 ± 2.03 bde |
RT | Chemical Compound Name | Concentration (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA-MAE | LA-HD | LL-MAE | LL-HD | G90-MAE | G90-HD | ||
13.45 | Tricyclene | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
13.61 | 2-Thujene | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
13.87 | a-Pinene | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.15 |
14.47 | Camphene | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.07 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.38 |
15.32 | a-Phelandrene | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
15.49 | 2-(10)-Pinene | 0.95 | 1.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
15.92 | Myrcene | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.76 | 0.57 | 0.81 | 0.51 |
16.60 | 3-Carene | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.05 |
17.17 | o-Cymene | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 0.68 |
17.31 | D-Limonene | 0.37 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.14 | 0.75 | 0.28 |
17.41 | Eucalyptol | 19.51 | 14.59 | 3.35 | 0.28 | 3.40 | 0.31 |
17.50 | 8-Terpinene | 0.42 | 1.50 | 1.63 | 0.21 | 1.65 | 0.23 |
18.71 | cis-Linalool oxide | 0.96 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 4.31 | 0.26 | 4.38 |
19.22 | trans-Linalool oxide | 0.80 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 4.14 | 0.28 | 4.35 |
19.68 | a-Linalool | 40.38 | 39.10 | 29.97 | 27.78 | 30.00 | 28.12 |
21.19 | Camphor | 14.35 | 11.30 | 1.32 | 0.31 | 15.25 | 11.51 |
21.65 | Lavandulol | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.40 | 1.37 | 0.60 | 1.40 |
21.99 | Borneol | 6.42 | 5.43 | 0.98 | 3.18 | 1.04 | 3.25 |
22.23 | Terpinen-4-ol | 2.73 | 3.44 | 4.80 | 4.30 | 5.00 | 4.43 |
22.42 | Hexyl butyrate | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 1.17 | 0.61 | 1.37 |
22.66 | a-Terpineol | 1.45 | 0.94 | 3.84 | 2.96 | 3.99 | 3.95 |
24.12 | Linalyl acetate | 5.41 | 6.40 | 43.78 | 22.66 | 45.58 | 24.96 |
25.07 | 2-Isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexyl_acetate | 1.07 | 0.95 | 3.85 | 5.82 | 3.99 | 6.02 |
25.21 | Bornyl acetate | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.90 | 0.12 |
27.14 | Nerol acetate | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
27.69 | Geranyl acetate | 0.08 | 0.03 | 1.51 | 1.13 | 1.71 | 1.33 |
27.86 | n-Hexyl hexanoate | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
28.01 | trans-a-Bergamotene | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
28.39 | a-Curcumene | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
28.65 | a-Chemigrene | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
28.99 | Caryophyllene | 0.94 | 4.23 | 3.63 | 0.98 | 4.00 | 1.01 |
29.63 | a-Famesene | 0.32 | 2.42 | 1.44 | 0.81 | 1.52 | 0.91 |
29.90 | Humulene | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
30.29 | a-Copaene | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
30.54 | Germacrene D | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.12 |
30.82 | Geranyl 2-methyl butyrate | 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
31.30 | c-Cadinene | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
31.40 | Teresantalol | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 0.08 | 0.50 |
33.03 | Caryophyllene oxide | 0.92 | 0.32 | 7.30 | 0.50 | 7.34 | 0.59 |
34.35 | t-Cadinol | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 1.02 | 0.09 | 1.21 |
35.04 | Isoaromandene epoxyde | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.71 |
RF | LA Hydroalcoholic Extracts (mg/kg Plant) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA-1 | LA-2 | LA-3 | LA-4 | LA-5 | LA-6 | LA-7 | LA-8 | LA-9 | LA-10 | LA-11 | LA-12 | |
TA | 28.0 ± 0.4 g | 34.5 ± 2.4 g | 49.5 ± 0.4 f | 50.4 ± 2.5 f | 83.1 ± 0.9 d | 91.8 ± 2.5 c | 111.5 ± 2.3 b | 122.6 ± 0.7 a | 56.1 ± 0.6 f | 51.1 ± 0.3 f | 74.7 ± 1.0 e | 69.3 ± 1.2 e |
GA | ND | ND | 10 ± 0.0 g | 10.7 ± 0.2 g | 25.5 ± 0.0 c | 28.6 ± 0.9 b | 29.6 ± 0.2 b | 42.1 ± 0.1 a | 16.8 ± 0.9 e | 14.3 ± 0.4 f | 23.4 ± 0.2 d | 18.8 ± 0.1 e |
PA | 3107.0 ± 17.0 k | 4350.2 ± 40.1 j | 4982.8 ± 48.9 i | 5648.7 ± 64.7 h | 9196.7 ± 32.1 d | 9857.3 ± 97.9 c | 10,223.0 ± 31.2 b | 11,025.0 ± 39.0 a | 7510.4 ± 21.2 f | 7202.9 ± 48.8 g | 7837.8 ± 85.7 e | 7793.2 ± 96.6 ef |
CA | 47.1 ± 0.2 f | 65.9 ± 4.2 f | 96.5 ± 0.3 e | 103.5 ± 4.3 e | 154.8 ± 11.6 bc | 159.9 ± 0.5 bc | 172.4 ± 3.9 b | 221.7 ± 12.5 a | 117.5 ± 0.3 de | 105.5 ± 4.6 e | 137.0 ± 2.5 cd | 134.8 ± 0.5 cd |
CF | 33.3 ± 1.2 g | 36.3 ± 1.2 fg | 41.9 ± 3.7 ef | 45.2 ± 2.0 de | 56.0 ± 0.9 bc | 60.5 ± 1.4 ab | 66.3 ± 0.3 a | 68.6 ± 0.9 a | 47.7 ± 1.2 ce | 46.5 ± 1.8 de | 55.1 ± 0.9 bc | 50.5 ± 1.9 cd |
CH | ND | ND | ND | ND | 33.0 ± 3.8 b | 40.3 ± 0.9 b | 67.3 ± 2.1 a | 70.9 ± 9.4 a | ND | ND | ND | ND |
SY | 1017.3 ± 11.6 i | 1059.0 ± 0.4 hi | 1180.8 ± 2.0 gh | 1214.5 ± 6.0 g | 3014.7 ± 2.0 c | 3181.2 ± 31.5 b | 3048.7 ± 38.2 c | 3847.3 ± 2.0 a | 1653.5 ± 10.8 e | 1426.2 ± 40.3 f | 1863.7 ± 49.6 d | 1663.7 ± 21.8 e |
EP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
PC | 10.8 ± 0.3 g | 14.1 ± 0.4 fg | 14.7 ± 1.1 f | 19.7 ± 1.1 e | 24.5 ± 0.3 cd | 25.6 ± 0.2 c | 32.3 ± 0.2 b | 38.1 ± 1.3 a | 21.4 ± 0.6 de | 20.8 ± 0.8 de | 23.4 ± 1.1 ce | 22.3 ± 0.5 ce |
FA | 125.2 ± 5.9 h | 141.6 ± 7.4 gh | 147.4 ± 7.7 fh | 162.4 ± 12.0 efg | 194.8 ± 1.1 cd | 206.7 ± 0.2 bc | 229.4 ± 1.8 b | 296.0 ± 1.1 a | 170.2 ± 5.0 defg | 163.3 ± 6.2 efg | 178.7 ± 1.3 ce | 173.0 ± 6.5 def |
OC | 6.1 ± 0.1 f | 10.8 ± 0.3 e | 10.9 ± 0.0 e | 11.6 ± 0.2 de | 22.3 ± 0.5 c | 25.6 ± 0.2 b | 39.4 ± 0.9 a | 41.1 ± 1.1 a | 14.7 ± 1.1 d | 13.0 ± 0.6 de | 21.4 ± 0.6 c | 20.8 ± 0.8 c |
EA | 3598.7 ± 9.69 i | 4687.2 ± 39.5 h | 6997.6 ± 121.5 g | 7692.1 ± 294.2 fg | 9262.1 ± 172.9 ce | 10,021.9 ± 331.6 c | 12,528.9 ± 105.7 b | 14,443.8 ± 202.6 a | 8461.4 ± 300.2 def | 8296.8 ± 253.4 ef | 9325.3 ± 12.8 cd | 9109.3 ± 144.2 ce |
IS | 972.6 ± 14.3 f | 1313.3 ± 25.3 e | 1355.2 ± 16.0 de | 1464.2 ± 11.8 ce | 2099.4 ± 29.1 b | 2175.8 ± 170.1 b | 2407.5 ± 68.1 b | 2776.2 ± 16.0 a | 1658.9 ± 0.0 cd | 1526.14 ± 25.8 ce | 1760.7 ± 108.7 c | 1689.1 ± 3.0 c |
RT | 587.7 ± 6.7 g | 600.5 ± 32.9 g | 781.3 ± 54.9 f | 809.1 ± 52.6 ef | 1161.6 ± 22.6 bc | 1189.2 ± 22.9 bc | 1332.4 ± 38.7 ab | 1449.0 ± 61.4 a | 961.0 ± 0.8 de | 854.5 ± 5.4 ef | 1103.9 ± 34.7 cd | 1036.5 ± 8.1 cd |
RS | 7782.0 ± 129.0 i | 9776.1 ± 233.9 h | 11,368.9 ± 124.6 g | 11,776.2 ± 233.7 fg | 19,539.2 ± 300.3 c | 20,700.4 ± 363.7 b | 29,365.8 ± 394.6 a | 30,181.1 ± 167.3 a | 12,626.8 ± 116.8 f | 16,352.9 ± 112.6 e | 19,293.1 ± 176.9 c | 17,664.9 ± 19.2 d |
HY | 1011.6 ± 76.0 h | 1443.2 ± 45.2 gh | 1910.8 ± 78.9 fg | 2056.6 ± 266.8 eg | 3927.3 ± 96.3 c | 4072.3 ± 108.6 c | 4988.2 ± 290.9 b | 5733.0 ± 166.9 a | 2685.3 ± 108.6 de | 2479.4 ± 99.1 def | 2944.75 ± 84.7 d | 2455.1 ± 86.3 def |
NA | 885.0 ± 16.8 h | 1514.2 ± 19.9 g | 1628.2 ± 37.6 g | 2305.6 ± 16.8 f | 4608.0 ± 153.6 c | 4842.8 ± 40.2 c | 5405.2 ± 46.8 b | 6760.3 ± 47.6 a | 3618.2 ± 24.6 e | 2541.2 ± 23.9 f | 4055.9 ± 150.8 d | 3724.8 ± 10.2 de |
QE | ND | ND | 1526.0 ± 51.0 h | 1626.4 ± 34.9 h | 7366.8 ± 53.0 c | 7535.8 ± 31.9 c | 9471.2 ± 85.9 b | 9912.0 ± 123.0 a | 2575.7 ± 15.9 f | 2067.0 ± 19.4 g | 5417.6 ± 39.7 d | 4609.8 ± 19.8 e |
LU | ND | ND | ND | ND | 228.3 ± 2.1 c | 378.8 ± 0.4 b | 408.1 ± 0.3 a | 408.7 ± 14.1 a | 140.8 ± 3.3 de | 115.7 ± 3.4 e | 168.0 ± 4.3 d | 153.8 ± 10.2 d |
NR | ND | ND | ND | ND | 80.5 ± 1.6 c | 89.1 ± 3.9 bc | 100.6 ± 1.7 ab | 102.1 ± 2.7 a | 36.2 ± 1.7 e | 29.9 ± 0.0 e | 61.8 ± 3.0 d | 52.8 ± 5.4 d |
KA | ND | ND | ND | ND | 11,345.6 ± 62.0 d | 11,491.2 ± 12.3 c | 17,106.9 ± 56.9 b | 20,582.8 ± 19.6 a | ND | ND | ND | ND |
RF | LL Hydroalcoholic Extracts (mg/kg Plant) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL-1 | LL-2 | LL-3 | LL-4 | LL-5 | LL-6 | LL-7 | LL-8 | LL-9 | LL-10 | LL-11 | LL-12 | |
TA | 28.2 ± 0.9 e | 34.5 ± 1.6 de | 40.8 ± 2.8 ce | 43.9 ± 2.5 ce | 61.2 ± 2.9 bc | 69.6 ± 4.0 b | 95.4 ± 4.3 a | 97.3 ± 5.5 a | 47.1 ± 3.3 be | 45.5 ± 0.6 be | 59.2 ± 2.5 bcd | 50.3 ± 14.0 be |
GA | 7.0 ± 0.1 f | 7.3 ± 0.1 ef | 7.5 ± 0.2 ef | 8.8 ± 0.3 e | 12.3 ± 0.2 bd | 13.1 ± 0.4 bc | 13.7 ± 0.2 b | 16.5 ± 0.1 a | 11.7 ± 0.2 cd | 10.9 ± 0.6 d | 13.0 ± 0.7 bc | 12.4 ± 0.3 bd |
PA | 1234.1 ± 40.1 f | 1659.4 ± 5.0 e | 1945.6 ± 10.9 e | 3033.5 ± 32.1 d | 3945.2 ± 34.4 b | 4027.9 ± 87.5 b | 6879.5 ± 125.4 a | 6984.7 ± 125.9 a | 3562.3 ± 56.2 c | 3340.0 ± 59.5 cd | 3936.3 ± 32.3 b | 3573.4 ± 40.5 c |
CA | 103.5 ± 10.7 g | 151.8 ± 3.6 fg | 152.6 ± 20.8 fg | 164.2 ± 19.0 f | 263.8 ± 4.5 cd | 297.0 ± 2.4 ac | 320.7 ± 6.2 ab | 345.5 ± 1.8 a | 175.4 ± 0.5 ef | 166.8 ± 6.7 f | 278.3 ± 13.9 bc | 220.8 ± 8.7 de |
CF | 59.4 ± 4.6 f | 69.5 ± 0.4 f | 76.1 ± 3.8 ef | 88.4 ± 4.4 ef | 196.7 ± 1.4 b | 215.3 ± 27.1 ab | 229.8 ± 4.7 ab | 248.1 ± 5.0 a | 116.5 ± 0.0 ce | 95.0 ± 1.7 def | 139.5 ± 4.1 c | 134.6 ± 2.4 cd |
CH | 87.2 ± 3.2 f | 96.4 ± 0.5 ef | 103.0 ± 2.9 df | 103.0 ± 2.9 df | 123.3 ± 0.7 abc | 128.8 ± 5.0 abc | 130.9 ± 0.1 ab | 139.4 ± 1.4 a | 112.8 ± 5.1 cde | 103.3 ± 1.9 df | 120.0 ± 3.5 bd | 117.4 ± 6.7 bd |
SY | 302.4 ± 3.4 h | 526.6 ± 4.5 g | 893.4 ± 3.5 f | 1041.6 ± 23.6 ef | 1537.9 ± 23.7 c | 1562.4 ± 34.2 c | 1814.1 ± 25.9 b | 2023.9 ± 7.5 a | 1340.4 ± 64.9 d | 1120.4 ± 31.8 e | 1558.2 ± 42.3 c | 1449.0 ± 28.6 cd |
EP | ND | 60.7 ± 4.3 f | 119.6 ± 0.6 e | 156.3 ± 1.0 de | 261.3 ± 1.5 b | 281.8 ± 2.5 b | 295.8 ± 2.1 b | 395.1 ± 15.7 a | 168.1 ± 4.4 cd | 151.0 ± 1.4 de | 202.7 ± 19.9 c | 173.6 ± 11.5 cd |
PC | 39.7 ± 0.6 f | 52.1 ± 0.0 f | 57.1 ± 1.4 f | 65.1 ± 0.7 ef | 112.9 ± 4.7 cd | 127.3 ± 7.3 bc | 146.6 ± 7.4 ab | 156.5 ± 8.3 a | 92.1 ± 0.7 d | 90.5 ± 8.7 de | 104.2 ± 3.0 cd | 100.8 ± 3.5 d |
FA | 151.3 ± 6.8 g | 210.0 ± 24.1 fg | 239.1 ± 7.2 fg | 248.1 ± 2.0 fg | 489.3 ± 5.2 bd | 509.9 ± 43.8 bc | 568.8 ± 16.8 ab | 622.2 ± 46.7 a | 291.2 ± 4.0 ef | 272.4 ± 8.5 f | 410.4 ± 9.7 cd | 382.9 ± 3.4 de |
OC | 7.5 ± 0.2 e | 16.1 ± 1.4 de | 30.6 ± 1.2 cd | 44.9 ± 3.7 bc | 53.7 ± 3.3 b | 55.7 ± 2.6 b | 78.8 ± 8.2 a | 79.8 ± 1.2 a | 49.4 ± 1.3 b | 47.4 ± 3.0 b | 54.3 ± 0.1 b | 53.7 ± 1.0 b |
EA | 5642.8 ± 4.0 i | 7244.9 ± 121.6 h | 7655.6 ± 188.7 h | 9468.2 ± 19.6 g | 16,189.5 ± 181.4 cd | 17,389.9 ± 176.0 bc | 17,861.0 ± 154.2 b | 19,572.4 ± 480.3 a | 11,639.6 ± 282.5 f | 10,480.3 ± 294.9 fg | 15,547.2 ± 348.2 d | 13,113.9 ± 204.7 e |
IS | 811.7 ± 8.2 f | 996.5 ± 9.0 e | 1254.5 ± 70.5 d | 1322.3 ± 29.0 d | 1817.7 ± 76.0 ac | 1858.6 ± 28.6 ab | 1914.6 ± 13.6 a | 1950.0 ± 23.5 a | 1728.5 ± 12.9 bc | 1661.1 ± 9.0 c | 1949.9 ± 14.1 a | 1735.0 ± 14.3 bc |
RT | 162.2 ± 2.1 g | 179.2 ± 0.9 g | 265.8 ± 19.0 f | 307.1 ± 21.4 ef | 615.2 ± 0.3 c | 636.9 ± 0.4 c | 688.6 ± 6.6 b | 815.8 ± 13.8 a | 343.5 ± 11.0 e | 308.8 ± 13.4 ef | 484.2 ± 3.8 d | 464.1 ± 7.1 d |
RS | 10,733.0 ± 33.0 j | 16,950.2 ± 49.8 i | 21,590.4 ± 35.2 h | 21,797.8 ± 79.7 h | 30,411.3 ± 31.4 f | 34,181.0.8 ± 44.8 e | 36,134.7 ± 74.9 c | 39,841.0 ± 21.0 a | 34,159.8 ± 174.6 e | 24,298.9 ± 98.9 g | 38,892.1 ± 41.8 b | 35,692.0 ± 18.7 d |
HY | 632.3 ± 5.0 g | 1445.0 ± 6.0 f | 1851.4 ± 25.8 e | 2142.7 ± 88.3 de | 2632.2 ± 35.1 b | 2764.9 ± 48.6 b | 3235.1 ± 195.7 a | 3429.1 ± 109.1 a | 2492.6 ± 19.3 bd | 2191.1 ± 41.5 cde | 2564.3 ± 59.9 bc | 2512.2 ± 48.7 bd |
NA | 1606.0 ± 92.0 i | 1815.0 ± 48.8 i | 2633.2 ± 22.9 h | 3321.0 ± 54.9 g | 4878.7 ± 134.6 d | 6992.8 ± 39.9 c | 7621.0 ± 48.8 b | 9162.3 ± 28.2 a | 4421.3 ± 64.9 e | 4038.9 ± 94.6 f | 4977.9 ± 78.9 d | 4522.6 ± 22.7 e |
QE | ND | ND | 748.8 ± 2.48 f | 1212.7 ± 17.8 e | 3753.6 ± 164.8 c | 4365.6 ± 189.9 b | 4411.5 ± 15.9 ab | 4775.9 ± 7.9 a | 2771.2 ± 35.8 d | 2751.0 ± 22.8 d | 3629.2 ± 62.4 c | 2827.8 ± 7.2 d |
LU | 43.0 ± 0.4 g | 50.0 ± 1.9 g | 71.9 ± 2.2 f | 73.4 ± 1.9 f | 138.9 ± 1.3 b | 126.8 ± 2.9 bc | 188.9 ± 2.3 a | 203.5 ± 3.6 a | 96.5 ± 1.5 de | 86.5 ± 0.7 ef | 116.3 ± 9.9 cd | 101.2 ± 7.1 de |
NR | 50.5 ± 7.0 g | 74.2 ± 0.8 f | 87.1 ± 2.7 ef | 102.8 ± 2.5 de | 128.2 ± 3.4 bc | 134.4 ± 4.3 b | 143.0 ± 4.4 b | 164.4 ± 4.2 a | 109.2 ± 1.2 cd | 102.8 ± 3.3 de | 134.1 ± 6.5 b | 129.2 ± 2.4 bc |
KA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
RF | G90 Hydroalcoholic Extracts (mg/kg Plant) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G90-1 | G90-2 | G90-3 | G90-4 | G90-5 | G90-6 | G90-7 | G90-8 | G90-9 | G90-10 | G90-11 | G90-12 | |
TA | 30.9 ± 3.3 g | 36.3 ± 1.0 g | 49.4 ± 2.4 f | 50.4 ± 1.5 f | 100.1 ± 2.9 cd | 109.5 ± 3.5 c | 123.6 ± 1.3 b | 142.6 ± 1.7 a | 56.6 ± 1.4 f | 51.9 ± 0.9 f | 94.4 ± 1.3 d | 69.3 ± 0.9 e |
GA | 7.5 ± 0.6 g | 7.8 ± 1.0 g | 11.0 ± 0.5 fg | 13.9 ± 0.6 f | 35.7 ± 0.7 cd | 38.5 ± 1.1 bc | 41.6 ± 1.0 b | 49.1 ± 1.2 a | 26.7 ± 1.3 e | 24.5 ± 1.4 e | 33.3 ± 1.2 d | 38.6 ± 0.8 bc |
PA | 6117.1 ± 33.7 j | 6349.8 ± 29.7 i | 6994.8 ± 35.8 h | 7348.8 ± 52.7 g | 10,946.8 ± 22.8 c | 10,256.8 ± 81.2 d | 12,123.8 ± 10.9 b | 13,065.3 ± 20.2 a | 9621.2 ± 21.1 ef | 9412.8 ± 41.8 f | 9637.8 ± 66.7 ef | 9783.8 ± 67.0 e |
CA | 207.5 ± 18.0 e | 262.9 ± 2.6 de | 272.8 ± 18.9 de | 284.6 ± 38.7 de | 371.5 ± 5.9 abc | 399.0 ± 0.6 ab | 429.7 ± 5.2 a | 445.0 ± 2.8 a | 335.5 ± 1.5 bd | 306.8 ± 16.7 cd | 388.5 ± 17.8 ab | 340.5 ± 9.7 bd |
CF | 70.9 ± 2.6 h | 99.2 ± 1.4 gh | 116.1 ± 1.8 fg | 188.0 ± 3.4 cd | 206.3 ± 2.0 c | 275.6 ± 16.7 b | 291.5 ± 2.7 ab | 308.4 ± 4.0 a | 146.5 ± 3.0 ef | 135.0 ± 9.9 ef | 219.1 ± 5.2 c | 164.2 ± 4.1 de |
CH | 98.1 ± 1.2 f | 100.4 ± 2.5 f | 121.0 ± 1.9 ef | 133.4 ± 3.0 de | 145.2 ± 1.0 ce | 168.2 ± 8.0 bc | 182.0 ± 0.9 b | 219.6 ± 9.1 a | 152.3 ± 3.1 cd | 133.2 ± 9.1 de | 160.2 ± 5.0 bc | 146.4 ± 1.7 cd |
SY | 1118.0 ± 18.9 f | 1378.8 ± 41.9 e | 1781.3 ± 54.4 cd | 1874.3 ± 67.8 cd | 3574.0 ± 26.7 b | 3681.0 ± 21.3 b | 3747.3 ± 78.2 b | 4074.8 ± 100.2 a | 1872.9 ± 13.8 cd | 1695.7 ± 21.0 d | 1974.1 ± 39.9 c | 1804.0 ± 28.9 cd |
EP | ND | ND | 209.9 ± 1.6 f | 245.2 ± 2.0 de | 331.7 ± 9.5 c | 357.8 ± 3.5 bc | 378.8 ± 3.1 b | 446.2 ± 11.0 a | 255.3 ± 5.4 de | 231.0 ± 1.4 ef | 275.7 ± 9.0 d | 243.4 ± 13.0 df |
PC | 49.5 ± 3.6 i | 66.3 ± 2 hi | 86.7 ± 4 gh | 95.9 ± 2.3 fg | 132.5 ± 1.7 ce | 146.2 ± 5.3 bc | 163.5 ± 5.4 b | 187.5 ± 4.3 a | 112.9 ± 1.7 ef | 100.3 ± 7.2 fg | 136.5 ± 5.0 cd | 122.4 ± 4.5 de |
FA | 201.4 ± 2.8 h | 270.2 ± 14.0 g | 309.3 ± 5.2 fg | 338.5 ± 4.0 f | 579.2 ± 2.2 c | 605.9 ± 23.9 c | 658.8 ± 3.7 b | 832.2 ± 16.7 a | 496.4 ± 6.0 d | 432.5 ± 2.5 e | 58.40 ± 3.7 c | 502.9 ± 3.4 d |
OC | 27.0 ± 2.2 f | 36.4 ± 2.4 f | 53.2 ± 2.2 e | 64.3 ± 2.7 de | 69.7 ± 4.3 cd | 75.2 ± 1.6 bd | 86.4 ± 5.2 ab | 90.8 ± 3.2 a | 73.4 ± 2.3 bd | 67.3 ± 2.0 de | 83.2 ± 1.1 abc | 75.7 ± 2.0 bd |
EA | 6743.0 ± 30.0 k | 7944.9 ± 28.6 j | 9356.0 ± 89.9 i | 10,067.9 ± 49.6 h | 16,990.0 ± 83.5 d | 19,450.9 ± 16.8 c | 20,861.8 ± 54.4 b | 22,528.1 ± 88.7 a | 14,600.2 ± 81.9 f | 13,450.9 ± 95.6 g | 16,947.4 ± 48.8 d | 15,714.6 ± 54.3 e |
IS | 1016.3 ± 6.2 h | 1197.3 ± 5.0 g | 17,501.2 ± 30.9 ef | 1832.8 ± 19.9 e | 1997.6 ± 15.9 cd | 2099.8 ± 42.3 c | 2356.5 ± 19.2 b | 2550.4 ± 32.1 a | 1729.0 ± 12.9 ef | 1661.4 ± 9.0 f | 1949.6 ± 13.9 d | 1735.0 ± 14.5 ef |
RT | 477.9 ± 26.8 e | 580.2 ± 38.9 e | 861.5 ± 43.2 d | 978.4 ± 31.8 d | 1491.8 ± 42.6 b | 1608.9 ± 36.7 ab | 1692.0 ± 91.3 ab | 1748.9 ± 71.9 a | 1041.2 ± 37.8 cd | 1253.9 ± 41.0 c | 1564.4 ± 15.5 ab | 1635.4 ± 15.0 ab |
RS | 17,432.1 ± 22.0 j | 19,950.2 ± 49.7 i | 29,529.7 ± 38.7 h | 31,567.8 ± 80.2 g | 34,711.1 ± 51.3 e | 36,189.2 ± 52.4 d | 39,185.1 ± 44.6 b | 40,971.1 ± 114.4 a | 37,192.5 ± 75.6 c | 34,211.0 ± 99.4 f | 39,192.5 ± 29.3 b | 36,999.0 ± 89.9 c |
HY | 1812.3 ± 46.2 i | 2042.8 ± 34.7 hi | 2311.0 ± 38.9 h | 2846.7 ± 25.6 fg | 4066.7 ± 55.6 d | 4362.0 ± 18.9 c | 5087.8 ± 90.9 b | 6592.6 ± 45.9 a | 2959.0 ± 68.9 fg | 2700.0 ± 68.9 g | 3245.5 ± 54.7 e | 3065.4 ± 62.9 ef |
NA | 2009.1 ± 51.8 j | 2852.8 ± 72.8 i | 4038.9 ± 36.7 h | 4521.2 ± 55.3 g | 7792.1 ± 53.0 c | 8791.1 ± 29.9 b | 9921.4 ± 18.9 a | 10,061.9 ± 108.2 a | 5321.3 ± 45.2 ef | 5078.9 ± 35.0 f | 5987.8 ± 38.9 d | 5462.9 ± 38.6 e |
QE | ND | ND | 2561.1 ± 19.0 h | 3661.0 ± 52.2 g | 8267.4 ± 23.0 b | 8562.4 ± 28.9 b | 9961.0 ± 95.6 a | 10,212.0 ± 133.9 a | 4735.9 ± 55.9 e | 4074.9 ± 90.9 f | 6481.0 ± 44.7 c | 5712.0 ± 49.8 d |
LU | 83.2 ± 4.1 f | 95.0 ± 1.2 f | 101.4 ± 2.9 f | 114.5 ± 9.0 f | 398.6 ± 11.9 c | 478.4 ± 4.2 b | 506.1 ± 3.1 ab | 528.7 ± 10.9 a | 241.0 ± 12.9 de | 217.7 ± 4.0 e | 268.4 ± 3.4 d | 235.8 ± 17.9 de |
NR | 78.5 ± 5.0 g | 94.4 ± 1.8 g | 117.1 ± 1.7 f | 123.6 ± 1.5 ef | 168.2 ± 1.4 bc | 174.4 ± 2.3 bc | 182.0 ± 2.4 ab | 199.2 ± 11.9 a | 159.9 ± 1.3 cd | 142.8 ± 2.3 de | 174.2 ± 3.5 bc | 169.3 ± 1.4 bc |
KA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Gram-Positive Bacteria | LA-MAE | LA-HD | LL-MAE | LL-HD | G90-MAE | G90-HD | CIP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC (%) | (µg/mL) | ||||||
B. cereus | 5.0 ± 0.05 b | 10.0 ± 0.01 a | 5.0 ± 0.04 b | 5.0 ± 0.01 b | 5.0 ± 0.06 b | 10.0 ± 0.02 a | 0.3 |
B. subtilis | 2.5 ± 0.02 b | 5.0 ± 0.02 a | 2.5 ± 0.03 b | 2.5 ± 0.03 b | 2.5 ± 0.02 b | 5.0 ± 0.05 a | 0.2 |
MBC (%) | (µg/mL) | ||||||
B. cereus | 10.0 ± 0.11 | >10.0 ± 0.09 | 10.0 ± 0.08 | 10.0 ± 0.14 | 10.0 ± 0.03 | >10.0 ± 0.05 | 0.3 |
B. subtilis | 5.0 ± 0.01 b | 10.0 ± 0.12 a | 5.0 ± 0.04 b | 5.0 ± 0.07 b | 5.0 ± 0.06 b | 10.0 ± 0.13 a | 0.2 |
Fungus | LA-MAE | LA-HD | LL-MAE | LL-HD | G90-MAE | G90-HD | FLC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC (%) | (µg/mL) | ||||||
A. brasiliensis | 1.3 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.04 | 1.3 ± 0.08 | 1.3 ± 0.03 | 1.3 ± 0.11 | 1.3 ± 0.02 | - |
F. oxysporum | 2.5 ± 0.14 | 2.5 ± 0.18 | 2.5 ± 0.12 | 2.5 ± 0.09 | 2.5 ± 0.05 | 2.5 ± 0.01 | 100.0 |
P. expansum | 40.0 ± 0.01 a | 40.0 ± 0.05 a | 40.0 ± 0.01 a | 40.0 ± 0.03 a | 20.0 ± 0.02 b | 40.0 ± 0.06 a | - |
MFC (%) | (µg/mL) | ||||||
A. brasiliensis | 1.3 ± 0.07 | 1.3 ± 0.10 | 1.3 ± 0.18 | 1.3 ± 0.07 | 1.3 ± 0.03 | 1.3 ± 0.01 | - |
F. oxysporum | 2.5 ± 0.01 | 2.5 ± 0.19 | 2.5 ± 0.16 | 2.5 ± 0.01 | 2.5 ± 0.08 | 2.5 ± 0.20 | 100.0 |
P. expansum | 40.0 ± 0.11 a | 40.0 ± 0.01 a | 40.0 ± 0.03 a | 40.0 ± 0.05 a | 20.0 ± 0.13 b | 40.0 ± 0.02 a | - |
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Marchidan, I.G.; Ortan, A.; Marcu Spinu, S.; Avramescu, S.M.; Avram, I.; Fierascu, R.C.; Babeanu, N. Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of New Romanian Lavandula Species. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122127
Marchidan IG, Ortan A, Marcu Spinu S, Avramescu SM, Avram I, Fierascu RC, Babeanu N. Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of New Romanian Lavandula Species. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122127
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarchidan, Ionuț Georgică, Alina Ortan, Simona Marcu Spinu, Sorin Marius Avramescu, Ionela Avram, Radu Claudiu Fierascu, and Narcisa Babeanu. 2023. "Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of New Romanian Lavandula Species" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122127