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Antioxidants
Volume 12
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10.3390/antiox12020306
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Article

Aflatoxin B1 Induced Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota Disorder to Increase the Infection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 in Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

by
Mingyang Xue
1,†,
Miao Fu
2,†,
Mengwei Zhang
1,3,
Chen Xu
1,
Yan Meng
1,
Nan Jiang
1,
Yiqun Li
1,
Wenzhi Liu
1,
Yuding Fan
1 and
Yong Zhou
1,*
1
Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
2
Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
3
Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020306
Submission received: 6 December 2022 / Revised: 19 January 2023 / Accepted: 24 January 2023 / Published: 28 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Organisms)
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Abstract

Aflatoxin contamination of food and water is a serious problem worldwide. This study investigated the defensive ability of gibel carp exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by challenging it with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection. The data showed that AFB1 exposure significantly increased the mortality of CyHV-2-infected gibel carp, and enhanced the viral load in the fish liver, kidney, and spleen. The oxidative-antioxidant balance suggested that AFB1 induced severe oxidative stress, including increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the AFB1 exposed group, and the reduced activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) in the AFB1 exposed group. Meanwhile, the related expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and the type 1 interferon (IFN1) were noticeably down-regulated, but caspase-1 was up-regulated, after exposure to AFB1, demonstrating that fish are unable to avoid the virus infection. It should be noted that the intestinal microbiota diversity and richness were lower in the AFB1 exposed group, and the composition of intestinal microbiota was affected by AFB1, resulting in the higher abundance of bacteria (such as Aeromonas and Bacteroides) and the lower abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria (such as Cetobacterium and Clostridium) in the AFB1 exposed group. This research provides insight into the possibility that AFB1 may increase the susceptibility of C. gibelio to CyHV-2 infection, and thus amplify the viral outbreak to endanger ecological safety in aquatic environment.
Keywords: aflatoxin B1; oxidative stress; intestinal microbiota; cyprinid herpesvirus 2; Carassius auratus gibelio; susceptibility aflatoxin B1; oxidative stress; intestinal microbiota; cyprinid herpesvirus 2; Carassius auratus gibelio; susceptibility

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xue, M.; Fu, M.; Zhang, M.; Xu, C.; Meng, Y.; Jiang, N.; Li, Y.; Liu, W.; Fan, Y.; Zhou, Y. Aflatoxin B1 Induced Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota Disorder to Increase the Infection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 in Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Antioxidants 2023, 12, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020306

AMA Style

Xue M, Fu M, Zhang M, Xu C, Meng Y, Jiang N, Li Y, Liu W, Fan Y, Zhou Y. Aflatoxin B1 Induced Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota Disorder to Increase the Infection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 in Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Antioxidants. 2023; 12(2):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020306

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xue, Mingyang, Miao Fu, Mengwei Zhang, Chen Xu, Yan Meng, Nan Jiang, Yiqun Li, Wenzhi Liu, Yuding Fan, and Yong Zhou. 2023. "Aflatoxin B1 Induced Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota Disorder to Increase the Infection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 in Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)" Antioxidants 12, no. 2: 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020306

APA Style

Xue, M., Fu, M., Zhang, M., Xu, C., Meng, Y., Jiang, N., Li, Y., Liu, W., Fan, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2023). Aflatoxin B1 Induced Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota Disorder to Increase the Infection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 in Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Antioxidants, 12(2), 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020306

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