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Antioxidants
Volume 13
Issue 4
10.3390/antiox13040385
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Article

The Effectiveness of Four Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Precursors in Alleviating the High-Glucose-Induced Damage to Hepatocytes in Megalobrama amblycephala: Evidence in NAD+ Homeostasis, Sirt1/3 Activation, Redox Defense, Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Glucose Metabolism

by
Yanzou Dong
,
Xi Wang
,
Luyao Wei
,
Zishang Liu
,
Xiaoyu Chu
,
Wei Xiong
,
Wenbin Liu
and
Xiangfei Li
*
Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040385
Submission received: 26 February 2024 / Revised: 19 March 2024 / Accepted: 19 March 2024 / Published: 22 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants and Aquatic Animal Health)
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Abstract

The administration of NAD+ precursors is a potential approach to protect against liver damage and metabolic dysfunction. However, the effectiveness of different NAD+ precursors in alleviating metabolic disorders is still poorly elucidated. The current study was performed to compare the effectiveness of four different NAD+ precursors, including nicotinic acid (NA), niacinamide (NAM), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in alleviating high-glucose-induced injury to hepatocytes in a fish model, Megalobrama amblycephala. An in vitro high-glucose model was successfully established to mimic hyperglycemia-induced damage to the liver, which was evidenced by the reduced cell viability, the increased transaminase activity, and the depletion of cellular NAD+ concentration. The NAD+ precursors all improved cell viability, with the maximal effect observed in NR, which also had the most potent NAD+ boosting capacity and a significant Sirt1/3 activation effect. Meanwhile, NR presented distinct and superior effects in terms of anti-oxidative stress, inflammation inhibition, and anti-apoptosis compared with NA, NAM, and NMN. Furthermore, NR could effectively benefit glucose metabolism by activating glucose transportation, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Moreover, an oral gavage test confirmed that NR presented the most potent effect in increasing hepatic NAD+ content and the NAD+/NADH ratio among four NAD+ precursors. Together, the present study results demonstrated that NR is most effective in attenuating the high-glucose-induced injury to hepatocytes in fish compared to other NAD+ precursors.
Keywords: NAD+ precursors; hepatocyte health; oxidative stress; apoptosis; glucose metabolism NAD+ precursors; hepatocyte health; oxidative stress; apoptosis; glucose metabolism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dong, Y.; Wang, X.; Wei, L.; Liu, Z.; Chu, X.; Xiong, W.; Liu, W.; Li, X. The Effectiveness of Four Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Precursors in Alleviating the High-Glucose-Induced Damage to Hepatocytes in Megalobrama amblycephala: Evidence in NAD+ Homeostasis, Sirt1/3 Activation, Redox Defense, Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Glucose Metabolism. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040385

AMA Style

Dong Y, Wang X, Wei L, Liu Z, Chu X, Xiong W, Liu W, Li X. The Effectiveness of Four Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Precursors in Alleviating the High-Glucose-Induced Damage to Hepatocytes in Megalobrama amblycephala: Evidence in NAD+ Homeostasis, Sirt1/3 Activation, Redox Defense, Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Glucose Metabolism. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(4):385. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040385

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong, Yanzou, Xi Wang, Luyao Wei, Zishang Liu, Xiaoyu Chu, Wei Xiong, Wenbin Liu, and Xiangfei Li. 2024. "The Effectiveness of Four Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Precursors in Alleviating the High-Glucose-Induced Damage to Hepatocytes in Megalobrama amblycephala: Evidence in NAD+ Homeostasis, Sirt1/3 Activation, Redox Defense, Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Glucose Metabolism" Antioxidants 13, no. 4: 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040385

APA Style

Dong, Y., Wang, X., Wei, L., Liu, Z., Chu, X., Xiong, W., Liu, W., & Li, X. (2024). The Effectiveness of Four Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Precursors in Alleviating the High-Glucose-Induced Damage to Hepatocytes in Megalobrama amblycephala: Evidence in NAD+ Homeostasis, Sirt1/3 Activation, Redox Defense, Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Glucose Metabolism. Antioxidants, 13(4), 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040385

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