Controlled Cultivation Confers Rhodiola rosea Synergistic Activity on Muscle Cell Homeostasis, Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense in Primary Human Myoblasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Rhodiola rosea L. Wild Harvest (RRwh) and Controlled Cultivation (RRcc)
2.2. Rhodiola rosea L. Extracts
2.3. Cell Culture Experiments
2.3.1. In Vitro Treatment of Cell Cultures
2.3.2. Measurement of Intracellular ATP Content
2.3.3. Measurement of Mitochondrial Potential
2.3.4. Metabolomic Profiling of In Vitro Cultured Human Myoblasts
2.3.5. Isolation of RNA, cDNA Synthesis and qPCR Analysis Myoblast mRNAs
2.4. Phytochemical Profiling of Rhodiola rosea L. by UHPLC Analysis
3. Results
3.1. RRcc Promotes the Transcription of myoD and Pax7
3.2. RRcc and RRwh Regulate the Redox State of Skeletal Muscle Cells
3.3. RRcc and RRwh Both Promote ATP Production and Mitochondrial Activity
3.4. Metabolomic Profiling of RRcc- and RRwh-Treated Human Myoblasts
3.5. RRcc Presents Folic Acid Cycle Modulatory Activity
3.6. Both Folic Acid Stimulatory and Antioxidant Activity Contribute to RRcc Activity
3.7. Phytochemical Profile of RRcc vs. RRwh
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak | Rt (min) | Compound | Formula | m/z [M + H]− or [M + CH3COO]− | MS/MS | Mass Accuracy (Error ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.97 | Gallic acid | C7H5O5 | 169.0132 | 125.0232 | 0.47 |
2 | 3.91 | Rhodiocyanoside A | C11H16NO6 | 318.1195 [M + CH3COO]− | 258.9975; 161.0445; 59.0127 | 1.97 |
3 | 4.67 | p-hydroxyphenacyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | C14H17O8 | 313.0922 | 151.039 | 3.71 |
4 | 5.2 | Heterodendrin | C11H18NO6 | 320.1349 [M + CH3COO]− | 261.1170; 161.0445; 59.0127 | −0.07 |
5 | 5.6 | Coumaric acid | C9H7O3 | 163.0391 | 119.049 | 0.66 |
6 | 5.84 | Salidroside | C14H19O7 | 299.1136 | 179.0552; 161.0446; 119.0339 | 3.64 |
7 | 6.06 | Salidroside hexoside | C20H29O12 | 461.1667 | 299.1137; 179.0552 | 2.96 |
8 | 6.36 | Gallocatechin | C14H13O7 | 305.0667 | 125.0232 | 3.51 |
9 | 6.42 | Rhodioloside D | C16H29O8 | 349.1855 | 179.0552; 119.0338 | −0.51 |
10 | 6.66 | Caffeic acid hexoside | C15H17O9 | 341.0888 | 179.0341 | 2.66 |
11 | 6.81 | Catechin | C15H13O6 | 289.0722 | 169.0134 | 4.8 |
12 | 6.83 | Rhodioloside A | C16H27O8 | 347.1713 | 179.0552; 119.0338 | −4.04 |
13 | 7.27 | Caffeic acid | C9H7O4 | 179.0342 | 135.044 | 1.39 |
14 | 7.47 | Viridoside | C15H21O7 | 313.1249 | 151.0754 | 3.98 |
15 | 7.96 | Unknown | - | 755.2054 | 609.1464; 300.0274 | −4.19 |
16 | 8.37 | Epicatechin | C15H13O6 | 289.0722 | 169.0134 | 4.8 |
17 | 8.68 | Epigallocatechine 3-gallate | C22H17O11 | 457.0781 | 169.0133 | 2.81 |
18 | 9.02 | Quercetin hexoside isomer 1 | C21H19O12 | 463.0889 | 300.0276 | 1.4 |
19 | 9.35 | Epigallocatechin 3-gallate | C22H17O11 | 457.0781 | 169.0133 | 2.81 |
20 | 9.79 | Quercetin 3-(2G-glucosylrutinoside) | C33H39O21 | 771.2002 | 463.0879; 301.0344 | 1.48 |
21 | 9.87 | Rutin | C27H29O16 | 609.1461 | 463.0884; 300.0276 | 0.88 |
22 | 9.9 | Quercetin hexoside isomer 2 | C21H19O12 | 463.0887 | 300.0276 | 1.4 |
23 | 10.37 | Ferulic acid | C10H9O4 | 193.05 | 178.0263 | −3.16 |
24 | 10.7 | Rhodioloside E | C21H37O11 | 465.2344 | 191.0554; 149.0445 | −0.67 |
25 | 10.77 | Rosavin | C20H27O10 | 487.1823 [M + CH3COO]− | 427.1610; 293.0882 | 2.59 |
26 | 11.01 | Rosarin | C20H27O10 | 487.1823 [M + CH3COO]− | 427.1610; 293.0882 | 2.59 |
27 | 11.34 | Rosin | C15H19O6 | 355.1398 [M + CH3COO]− | 161.0446 | −0.01 |
28 | 11.51 | Rosiridin isomer 1 | C16H27O7 | 391.1975 [M + CH3COO]− | 331.1752; 179.0555; 161.0447 | 3.2 |
29 | 11.9 | Rosiridin isomer 2 | C16H27O7 | 391.1975 [M + CH3COO]− | 331.1752; 179.0555; 161.0447 | 3.2 |
30 | 13.06 | Rhodiolgin | C21H19O12 | 463.0868 | 317.0302 | −0.67 |
31 | 13.31 | Unknown | - | 737.5194 | 677.4975 | 1.69 |
32 | 13.75 | Sachaloside II | C21H33O10 | 505.2295 [M + CH3COO]− | 445.2080; | 3.17 |
33 | 14 | Sachalinoside A | C23H31O11 | 483.1875 | 271.0461 | 1.97 |
34 | 14.51 | Rhodiosin | C27H29O16 | 609.1466 | 301.0354 | 2.62 |
35 | 14.64 | Sacranoside A isomer 1 | C21H33O10 | 505.2295 [M + CH3COO]− | 445.2080; | 3.17 |
36 | 14.75 | Rhodiolatuntoside | C21H19O11 | 447.0927 | 301.0352 | 1.017 |
37 | 14.86 | Sacranoside A isomer 2 | C21H33O10 | 505.2295 [M + CH3COO]− | 445.2080; | 3.17 |
38 | 15.1 | Eriodictyol | C15H12O6 | 287.056 | 151.0026; 135.0404 | 0.97 |
39 | 15.18 | Vicenin 2 | C27H29O15 | 593.1519 | 285.0404 | 1.3 |
40 | 16.06 | Rhodioloside C | C22H37O12 | 493.2296 | 447.2239 | 4.61 |
41 | 16.23 | Rhodiooctanoside | C19H35O10 | 423.2239 | 291.1815 | 3.46 |
42 | 16.24 | Rhodioloside B | C22H37O12 | 493.2296 | 447.2239 | 4.61 |
43 | 20.9 | Rhodiolin | C25H19O10 | 479.0989 | 299.0199 | −4.3 |
Peak | Compound | % AUC Ration (RRcc/RRwh) |
---|---|---|
2 | Rhodiocyanoside A | 341% |
4 | Heterodendrin | 185% |
8 | Gallocatechin | 156% |
10 | Caffeic acid hexoside | 117% |
13 | Caffeic acid | 165% |
18 | Quercetin hexoside | 208% |
20 | Quercetin 3- (2G-glucosylrutinoside) | 362% |
21 | Rutin | 186% |
22 | Quercetin hexoside | 208% |
23 | Ferulic acid | 227% |
34 | Rhodiosin | 205% |
35 | Sacranoside A | 239% |
36 | Rhodiolatuntoside | 165% |
37 | Sacranoside A isomer | 395% |
38 | Eriodictyol | 168% |
39 | Vicenin 2 | 282% |
41 | Rhodiooctanoside | 314% |
43 | Rhodiolin | 475% |
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Iannuzzo, F.; Schiano, E.; Pastore, A.; Guerra, F.; Tenore, G.C.; Novellino, E.; Stornaiuolo, M. Controlled Cultivation Confers Rhodiola rosea Synergistic Activity on Muscle Cell Homeostasis, Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense in Primary Human Myoblasts. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081000
Iannuzzo F, Schiano E, Pastore A, Guerra F, Tenore GC, Novellino E, Stornaiuolo M. Controlled Cultivation Confers Rhodiola rosea Synergistic Activity on Muscle Cell Homeostasis, Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense in Primary Human Myoblasts. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(8):1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081000
Chicago/Turabian StyleIannuzzo, Fortuna, Elisabetta Schiano, Arianna Pastore, Fabrizia Guerra, Gian Carlo Tenore, Ettore Novellino, and Mariano Stornaiuolo. 2024. "Controlled Cultivation Confers Rhodiola rosea Synergistic Activity on Muscle Cell Homeostasis, Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense in Primary Human Myoblasts" Antioxidants 13, no. 8: 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081000