A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Preliminary Plant Material Analysis
2.4. Extractions
2.4.1. Conventional Hydroethanolic Extraction
2.4.2. Hydroethanolic Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
2.4.3. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Coupled with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
2.4.4. NADES Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
2.5. Determination of Total Polyphenol Content
2.6. DPPH Antioxidant Activity
2.7. FRAP (Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power)
2.8. HPLC Polyphenol Profiling
2.9. HPLC Determination of Iridoids
2.10. Green Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preliminary Plant Material Analysis
3.2. Total Polyphenol Content
3.2.1. Conventional Hydroethanolic Extraction
3.2.2. Hydroethanolic Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
3.2.3. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Coupled with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.4. HPLC Polyphenol Profiling
3.5. HPLC Determination of Iridoids
3.6. Green Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component 1 | Component 2 | NADES | Ratio | % Water a |
---|---|---|---|---|
choline chloride | citric acid | ChCl:CA | 1:2 | 20 30 40 |
sucrose | citric acid | Su:CA | 1:2 | 20 30 40 |
choline chloride | lactic acid | ChCl:LA | 1:5 | 20 30 40 |
STF 231 | Content a | Unit |
---|---|---|
Moisture (fresh product) | 48.08 ± 0.01 | % dm |
Moisture (dried product) | 8.72 ± 0.00 | % dm |
Ash | 5.64 ± 0.54 | % dm |
Total nitrogen | 0.03 ± 0.00 | % dm |
Total proteins | 2.29 ± 0.61 | % dm |
Crude fats | 6.96 ± 0.83 | % dm |
Total cellulose | 25.88 ± 1.33 | % dm |
Glucose | 0.33 ± 0.00 | gL−1 |
Fructose | 0.68 ± 0.01 | gL−1 |
Sorbitol | 0.078 ± 0.00 | gL−1 |
Phenolic Compound | Linear Equation | R2 | tR | LOD | LOQ | Concentration | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BT 1 | CE 1 | EtOH UAE 1 | ChCl:CA UAE 1 | ChCl:LA UAE 1 | Su:CA UAE 1 | ||||||
Gallic acid | y = 3017.8x + 67.465 | 0.999 | 3.980 | 0.020 | 0.063 | 1.568 ± 0.006 | 0.644 ± 0.003 | 0.236 ± 0.005 | n.d. | 0.137 ± 0.003 | n.d. |
Chlorogenic acid | y = 11,712x − 14.077 | 0.992 | 7.408 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.047 ± 0.000 | 0.061 ± 0.000 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Caffeic acid | y = 9084.1x + 7.5368 | 0.994 | 9.153 | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.171 ± 0.003 | 0.115 ± 0.002 | 0.045 ± 0.000 | n.d. | 0.254 ± 0.009 | n.d. |
Rutin | y = 7127x − 0.9877 | 0.999 | 11.793 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.432 ± 0.016 | 0.364 ± 0.000 | 0.019 ± 0.000 | 0.022 ± 0.000 | n.d. | n.d. |
Ellagic acid | y = 26,294x + 54.986 | 0.999 | 13.736 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.151 ± 0.001 | 0.106 ± 0.001 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.018 ± 0.000 | 0.075 ± 0.000 | 0.057 ± 0.001 |
Trans-ferulic acid | y = 13,763x − 199.26 | 0.995 | 14.630 | 0.017 | 0.053 | 0.266 ± 0.005 | 0.184 ± 0.006 | 0.067 ± 0.002 | n.d. | 0.112 ± 0.000 | n.d. |
Quercetin | y = 13,837x + 11.29 | 0.999 | 17.407 | 0.009 | 0.027 | 0.082 ± 0005 | 0.148 ± 0.001 | 0.030 ± 0.000 | n.d. | 0.094 ± 0.002 | n.d. |
Iridoids | Linear Equation | R2 | tR | LOD | LOQ | Concentration | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BT 1 | CE 1 | EtOH UAE 1 | ChCl:CA 1 UAE | ChCl:LA 1 UAE | Su:CA 1 UAE | ||||||
Swertiamarin | y = 7 × 106x + 1071.2 | 0.999 | 10.653 | 0.008 | 0.025 | 1.886 ± 0.013 | 0.0366 ± 0.002 | 0.406 ± 0.018 | 0.112 ± 0.014 | 1.626 ± 0.020 | n.d. |
Gentiopicroside | y = 3 × 106x + 20,893 | 0.999 | 11.523 | 0.012 | 0.037 | 1.076 ± 0.016 | 0.237 ± 0.000 | 0.288 ± 0.020 | 0.076 ± 0.005 | 2.506 ± 0.001 | n.d. |
Sweroside | y = 3 × 106x + 5645.2 | 0.999 | 12.006 | 0.009 | 0.029 | 1.211 ± 0.005 | 3.119 ± 0.056 | 0.968 ± 0.108 | 0.274 ± 0.028 | 1.664 ± 0.074 | n.d. |
Amarogentin | y = 1 × 107x − 16,003 | 0.999 | 19.6967 | 0.010 | 0.032 | 0.433 ± 0.005 | 0.651 ± 0.005 | 0.340 ± 0.083 | 0.182 ± 0.064 | 0.304 ± 0.001 | n.d. |
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Marchetti, F.; Gugel, I.; Costa, S.; Baldisserotto, A.; Foletto, A.; Gugel, I.; Baldini, E.; Manfredini, S.; Vertuani, S. A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081014
Marchetti F, Gugel I, Costa S, Baldisserotto A, Foletto A, Gugel I, Baldini E, Manfredini S, Vertuani S. A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(8):1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081014
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarchetti, Filippo, Irene Gugel, Stefania Costa, Anna Baldisserotto, Alberto Foletto, Ilenia Gugel, Erika Baldini, Stefano Manfredini, and Silvia Vertuani. 2024. "A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products" Antioxidants 13, no. 8: 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13081014