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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 1
10.3390/antiox14010071
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Article

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Honey Exerts Antiviral Effect Against Influenza A Virus Infection Through Mitochondrial Stress-Mediated Enhancement of Innate Immunity

by
Eun-Bin Kwon
1,
Buyun Kim
1,
Young-Eun Kim
1,
Sung-Joon Na
2,
Sang Mi Han
3,
Soon Ok Woo
3,
Hong Min Choi
3,
Siwon Moon
3,
Young Soo Kim
1,* and
Jang-Gi Choi
1,*
1
Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
2
Special Forest Resources Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 566-851, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010071
Submission received: 5 November 2024 / Revised: 26 December 2024 / Accepted: 8 January 2025 / Published: 9 January 2025
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Abstract

To combat influenza A virus (IAV) infection, it is vital to develop effective therapeutic strategies, including immunomodulators. In this study, we examined the antiviral effects of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. honey (HDH) against IAV using RAW 264.7 cells. HDH treatment significantly reduced IAV infection and viral protein expression. Moreover, it enhanced the production of interferon (IFN)-β, activated the innate immune response through the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, and upregulated IFN signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/2 phosphorylation and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. In addition, HDH decreased IAV-induced intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by upregulating the expression of antioxidant proteins, such as Sirt3 and SOD2. The results suggest that HDH is a potential therapeutic agent inhibiting viral replication and boosting host antiviral immunity.
Keywords: Hovenia dulcis Thunb.; influenza A virus; cGAS–STING pathway; innate immune system; reactive oxygen species Hovenia dulcis Thunb.; influenza A virus; cGAS–STING pathway; innate immune system; reactive oxygen species

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kwon, E.-B.; Kim, B.; Kim, Y.-E.; Na, S.-J.; Han, S.M.; Woo, S.O.; Choi, H.M.; Moon, S.; Kim, Y.S.; Choi, J.-G. Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Honey Exerts Antiviral Effect Against Influenza A Virus Infection Through Mitochondrial Stress-Mediated Enhancement of Innate Immunity. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010071

AMA Style

Kwon E-B, Kim B, Kim Y-E, Na S-J, Han SM, Woo SO, Choi HM, Moon S, Kim YS, Choi J-G. Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Honey Exerts Antiviral Effect Against Influenza A Virus Infection Through Mitochondrial Stress-Mediated Enhancement of Innate Immunity. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(1):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010071

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kwon, Eun-Bin, Buyun Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Sung-Joon Na, Sang Mi Han, Soon Ok Woo, Hong Min Choi, Siwon Moon, Young Soo Kim, and Jang-Gi Choi. 2025. "Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Honey Exerts Antiviral Effect Against Influenza A Virus Infection Through Mitochondrial Stress-Mediated Enhancement of Innate Immunity" Antioxidants 14, no. 1: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010071

APA Style

Kwon, E.-B., Kim, B., Kim, Y.-E., Na, S.-J., Han, S. M., Woo, S. O., Choi, H. M., Moon, S., Kim, Y. S., & Choi, J.-G. (2025). Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Honey Exerts Antiviral Effect Against Influenza A Virus Infection Through Mitochondrial Stress-Mediated Enhancement of Innate Immunity. Antioxidants, 14(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010071

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