The Drosophila Model: Exploring Novel Therapeutic Compounds against Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction to Polyphenols
2. Functions of Polyphenols in Drosophila Melanogaster
3. The Effects of Polyphenols on Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Drosophila Models
3.1. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
3.2. Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
3.3. Huntington’s Disease (HD)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories of Polyphenol | Basic Chemical Structure |
---|---|
Flavonoid | |
Phenolic acid | |
Curcuminoid | |
Stilbene | |
Lignan | |
Neurodegenerative Disease | Polyphenol Derived from Plants | Supplemental Amount | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Grape seed | 2.8 μg/mL GSPE in fly medium | Recover the defective Drosophila eye induced by tauopathy using R406W mutant tau fly | [33] |
Adzuki bean | 1 mg/mL adzuki extract in fly medium | Restore abnormal memory, movement defects, and shortened lifespan in Aβ42-overexpressing fly | [34] | |
Arabidopsis thaliana (At) | 40 μL/mL ethyl acetate extract of At in fly medium | Recover defective climbing capability in Aβ42-overexpressing fly | [35] | |
Decaffeinated coffee and nicotine-free tobacco | 0.15% decaffeinated coffee and 0.03% nicotine-free tobacco in fly medium | Rescue damaged locomotive activity, shortened longevity, and reduced eclosion rate via the activation of Nrf2 in AD fly induced by Aβ42 overexpression | [36] | |
Parkinson’s disease (PD) | Decalepis hamiltonii (Dh) root | 0.1 or 0.5% aqueous extract of Dh in fly medium | Restore the defective locomotive activity and circadian rhythm due to missense mutations (A30P and A35T) in an α-synuclein-overexpressing fly and protect against PQ sensitivity | [37] |
Avocado Persea americana (Pa) peel | 1 or 5 mg/mL methanol extract of Pa in fly medium | Protect parkin knockdown fly against paraquat (PQ)- induced oxidative stress, mobility damage, shortened longevity, and lipid peroxidation | [38] | |
Tangeritin | 5, 10, and 20 μM extract of tangeritin in fly medium | Rescue the reduction in locomotive activity and several oxidative stress markers and increase the dopamine content in PD fly model | [39] | |
Grape | 0.16–0.64 mg extract in 100 g of fly medium | Protect against free radicals, free radical-induced lipid peroxidation, and DNA damages and life extension in an α-synuclein-overexpressing fly model | [40] | |
Capsaicin | 0.1–1.0 μL/mL of capsaicin in fly medium | Delay the reduction in climbing activity in an α-synuclein-overexpressing fly model | [41] | |
Black tea | 20, 40, and 60 μM extract of black tea in fly medium | Reduce lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, and glutathione S-transferase activity, and increase glutathione and dopamine content in fly exposed to L-dopamine | [42] | |
Decaffeinated coffee and nicotine-free tobacco | 0.15% decaffeinated coffee and 0.03% nicotine-free tobacco in fly medium | Restore the damaged climbing ability, shortened survival rate, and reduce dopaminergic neurons via Nrf2 activation in mutant α-synuclein-overexpressing fly, and loss-of-function mutant in parkin gene | [36] | |
Curcumin | 25, 50, and 100 μM curcumin in fly medium | Increase the life span and reduce apoptosis and oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content, in α-synuclein-overexpressing fly model | [43] | |
Gallic acid | 0.1 mM gallic acid in fly medium | Rescue the loss of dopaminergic neurons and alleviate life span and locomotive activity with PQ treatment | [44] | |
Huntington’s disease (HD) | Grape seed | 2.8 μg/mL GSPE in fly medium | Prolong the lifespan in Q93httexon1-overexpressing fly model | [45] |
Green tea | 0.01–100 μM EGCG in fly medium and water extract of green tea in fly medium | Prolong the lifespan in Q93httexon1-overexpressing fly model | [46,47] |
Neurodegenerative Disease | Type | Drosophila Model | Phenotype | Symptoms of Human Patient | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Familial | TauR406W-overexpression in the eye using an ey-Gal4 | Rough eye, reduced locomotion, and shortened lifespan | Impairment of learning and memory, sleep disorder, motor impairment, and decreased attention | [33,34,35,36] |
Aβ42-overexpression in neurons using an elav-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion and shortened lifespan | ||||
Aβ42-overexpression in glial cells using a repo-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion, shortened lifespan, and defect in memory and learning | ||||
Parkinson’s disease (PD) | Familial | α-synucleinA30P- and α-synucleinA53P-overexpression in neurons using an elav-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion, shortened lifespan, increased lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species | Tremor, rigidity, impaired balance, motor impairment, depression, and sleep disorder | [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] |
Parkin RNAi-overexpression in dopaminergic neurons using a TH-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion and shortened lifespan | ||||
α-synuclein-overexpression in neurons using an elav-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion, increased lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species, and decreased dopamine content | ||||
α-synuclein-overexpression in dopaminergic neurons using a Ddc-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion and shortened lifespan | ||||
α-synuclein-overexpression in dopaminergic neurons using a TH-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion and dopaminergic neuron loss | ||||
parkin null mutant | Dopaminergic neuron loss | ||||
Sporadic | Chronic exposure to paraquat | Reduced locomotion and shortened lifespan | |||
Huntington’s disease (HD) | Familial | Q93httexon1-ovexpression in neurons using an elav-Gal4 | Reduced locomotion, shortened lifespan, and degeneration of photoreceptor neuron | Impairment of learning and memory, rigidity, and movement disorder | [45,46,47] |
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Cha, S.J.; Do, H.-A.; Choi, H.-J.; Lee, M.; Kim, K. The Drosophila Model: Exploring Novel Therapeutic Compounds against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120623
Cha SJ, Do H-A, Choi H-J, Lee M, Kim K. The Drosophila Model: Exploring Novel Therapeutic Compounds against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(12):623. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120623
Chicago/Turabian StyleCha, Sun Joo, Hyeon-Ah Do, Hyun-Jun Choi, Mihye Lee, and Kiyoung Kim. 2019. "The Drosophila Model: Exploring Novel Therapeutic Compounds against Neurodegenerative Diseases" Antioxidants 8, no. 12: 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120623