Extraction of Antioxidants from Winemaking Byproducts: Effect of the Solvent on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Cholinesterase Activities, and Electrochemical Behaviour
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Standards and Reagents
2.2. Samples
2.3. Phenolic Extraction
2.4. Total Phenolic Content
2.5. Chromatographic Analyses
2.6. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay
2.7. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay
2.8. In Vitro Cholinesterases Inhibition Assay
2.9. Electrochemical Assays
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Extraction Yields
3.2. Total Phenolic Content
3.3. Determination of Phenolic Compounds
3.4. Antioxidant Activity
3.5. In Vitro Cholinesterases Inhibition
3.6. Electrochemical Behavior by Cyclic Voltammetry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seeds | Skins | Stems | Pomace | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water | Water | Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water | Water | Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water | Water | Ethanol | Ethanol/ Water | Water | |
Phenolic acids | ||||||||||||
Gallic acid | 7.42 ± 0.39 a | 16.66 ± 0.30 b | 41.45 ± 0.27 c | 3.88 ± 0.27 a | 4.18 ± 0.40 a | 1.65 ± 0.28 b | 3.70 ± 0.02 a | 12.36 ± 1.47 b | 14.98 ± 5.10 b | 6.57 ± 0.08 a | 17.85 ± 1.10 b | 12.65 ± 0.23 c |
Protocatechic acid | 2.61 ± 0.00 a | 3.66 ± 0.07 b | 1.54 ± 0.04 c | 2.65 ± 0.33 a | 2.62 ± 0.30 a | 5.22 ± 0.91 b | 2.15 ± 0.06 a | 5.22 ± 0.67 b | 2.64 ± 0.26 a | 2.88 ± 0.11 a | 5.72 ± 0.42 b | 2.82 ± 0.00 a |
Flavanols | ||||||||||||
Catechin | 22.06 ± 2.04 a | 33.04 ± 6.25 b | 26.73 ± 2.33 a,b | 3.31 ± 4.67 a | 6.81 ± 0.29 a | NQ | NQ | 23.42 ± 1.01 a | 6.90 ± 0.19 b | 7.98 ± 0.07 a | 17.45 ± 0.22 b | 4.72 ± 0.40 c |
Epicatechin | 27.47 ± 0.17 a | 40.02 ± 2.04 b | 23.75 ± 2.07 c | NQ | 6.22 ± 0.97 | NQ | NQ | 17.09 ± 0.13 a | 6.76 ± 0.00 b | 6.59 ± 0.00 a | 16.75 ± 0.77 b | 5.91 ± 0.76 a |
Pc B1 | 22.53 ± 3.24 a,b | 29.36 ± 6.32 a | 18.09 ± 1.84 b | 2.96 ± 0.00 a | 9.53 ± 0.06 b | NQ | NQ | 28.33 ± 2.90 a | 10.38 ± 5.79 b | 8.44 ± 0.14 a | 18.07 ± 0.44 b | 7.42 ± 0.40 c |
Flavonols | ||||||||||||
Q-3-O-rutin | 0.54 ± 0.18 a | 0.95 ± 0.03 b | 0.30 ± 0.06 c | 5.11 ± 0.21 a | 6.28 ± 1.39 a | 0.23 ± 0.03 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 6.62 ± 0.67 b | 0.59 ± 0.13 a | 1.54 ± 0.12 a | 5.77 ± 1.05 b | 0.35 ± 0.06 c |
Q-3-O-gluc | 1.19 ± 0.36 a | 3.76 ± 0.07 b | 1.18 ± 0.18 a | 28.97 ± 5.46 a | 48.85 ± 6.54 b | 0.53 ± 0.14 c | 0.77 ± 0.01 a | 45.05 ± 7.73 b | 5.64 ± 1.97 a | 10.87 ± 0.50 a | 47.81 ± 5.38 b | 2.91 ± 0.01 c |
K-3-O-gluc | 0.20 ± 0.05 a | 0.49 ± 0.01 b | 0.18 ± 0.00 a | 6.90 ± 1.10 a | 7.38 ± 0.03 a | 4.77 ± 0.00 b | NQ | 3.73 ± 0.47 a | 0.56 ± 0.03 b | 1.87 ± 0.03 a | 6.18 ± 0.46 b | 0.43 ± 0.00 c |
DPPH | ORAC | |
---|---|---|
Seeds | ||
Ethanol | 38.01 ± 2.59 a | 20.44 ± 2.50 a |
Ethanol/water | 50.44 ± 4.32 b | 45.87 ± 8.12 b |
Water | 7.96 ± 5.30 c | 25.39 ± 0.20 a |
Skins | ||
Ethanol | 0.77 ± 0.03 a | 24.38 ± 1.24 a |
Ethanol/water | 34.96 ± 2.47 b | 103.50 ± 15.36 b |
Water | 3.07 ± 0.08 a | 68.01 ± 12.93 c |
Stems | ||
Ethanol | 1.65 ± 0.10 a | 5.59 ± 1.04 a |
Ethanol/water | 28.10 ± 1.49 b | 33.85 ± 2.25 b |
Water | 4.02 ± 0.10 c | 12.26 ± 0.30 c |
Pomace | ||
Ethanol | 5.20 ± 0.27 a | 21.92 ± 3.16 a |
Ethanol/water | 35.43 ± 3.24 b | 83.53 ± 4.89 b |
Water | 3.08 ± 0.04 a | 37.85 ± 3.21 c |
Peak a | Peak c | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | Ep,a | Ip,a | Ep,c | Ip,c | |
Seeds | |||||
Ethanol | 2.03 ± 0.19 a | 0.46 ± 0.00 a | 2.66 ± 0.39 a | 0.32 ± 0.00 a | −1.16 ± 0.20 a |
Ethanol/water | 2.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.48 ± 0.00 b | 2.79 ± 0.08 a | 0.31 ± 0.00 a | −1.13 ± 0.02 a |
Water | 2.03 ± 0.07 a | 0.41 ± 0.00 c | 3.00 ± 0.14 b | 0.35 ± 0.00 b | −1.49 ± 0.03 b |
Skins | |||||
Ethanol | 1.06 ± 0.04 a | 0.48 ± 0.00 a | 1.31 ± 0.04 a | 0.45 ± 0.00 a | −0.43 ± 0.05 a |
Ethanol/water | 1.73 ± 0.03 b | 0.49 ± 0.00 b | 2.25 ± 0.15 b | 0.27 ± 0.00 b | −1.06 ± 0.15 b |
Water | 1.11 ± 0.08 a | 0.44 ± 0.00 c | 1.14 ± 0.09 a | 0.34 ± 0.00 c | −0.81 ± 0.10 c |
Stems | |||||
Ethanol | 1.65 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 1.63 ± 0.05 a | 0.27 ± 0.00 a | −0.79 ± 0.01 a |
Ethanol/water | 2.22 ± 0.02 b | 0.47 ± 0.00 b | 2.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.00 a | −1.17 ± 0.01 b |
Water | 1.46 ± 0.01 c | 0.42 ± 0.00 a | 1.56 ± 0.03 a | 0.29 ± 0.00 a | −0.86 ± 0.00 c |
Pomace | |||||
Ethanol | 1.34 ± 0.02 a | 0.49 ± 0.00 a | 2.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.00 a | −0.95 ± 0.02 a |
Ethanol/water | 1.48 ± 0.02 b | 0.48 ± 0.00 b | 2.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.27 ± 0.00 a | −0.98 ± 0.03 a |
Water | 0.72 ± 0.00 c | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 1.23 ± 0.03 c | 0.33 ± 0.00 b | −0.67 ± 0.00 c |
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Jara-Palacios, M.J.; Gonçalves, S.; Heredia, F.J.; Hernanz, D.; Romano, A. Extraction of Antioxidants from Winemaking Byproducts: Effect of the Solvent on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Cholinesterase Activities, and Electrochemical Behaviour. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080675
Jara-Palacios MJ, Gonçalves S, Heredia FJ, Hernanz D, Romano A. Extraction of Antioxidants from Winemaking Byproducts: Effect of the Solvent on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Cholinesterase Activities, and Electrochemical Behaviour. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(8):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080675
Chicago/Turabian StyleJara-Palacios, María José, Sandra Gonçalves, Francisco J. Heredia, Dolores Hernanz, and Anabela Romano. 2020. "Extraction of Antioxidants from Winemaking Byproducts: Effect of the Solvent on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Cholinesterase Activities, and Electrochemical Behaviour" Antioxidants 9, no. 8: 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080675