Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodological Approaches
3. Sources of Caffeine, Administration, and Pharmacological Effects
4. Pathological Bases of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in AD and PD
5. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
6. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against AD
7. Effects of Caffeine against Other Neurotoxin Models of AD
8. Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
9. Effects of Caffeine against PD-Related Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress
10. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine in In Vitro PD Models
11. Research Gap, Future Perspectives, and Considerations
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Alzheimer’s Disease |
PD | Parkinson’s Disease |
MPTP | 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine |
MPP+ | 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium |
Nrf-2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
6-HO-1 | Heme oxygenase-1 |
OHDA | 6-hydroxydopamine |
HDAC | Histone deacetylase |
TH | Tyrosine hydroxylase |
Aβ | Amyloid beta |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharides |
TrkB | Tropomyosin receptor kinase B |
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Ikram, M.; Park, T.J.; Ali, T.; Kim, M.O. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090902
Ikram M, Park TJ, Ali T, Kim MO. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):902. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090902
Chicago/Turabian StyleIkram, Muhammad, Tae Ju Park, Tahir Ali, and Myeong Ok Kim. 2020. "Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090902
APA StyleIkram, M., Park, T. J., Ali, T., & Kim, M. O. (2020). Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling. Antioxidants, 9(9), 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090902