Adults’ Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine for Children in Selected Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Materials
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Weighting
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | Brazil n = 4867 | Malaysia n = 1245 | Thailand n = 122 | Bangladesh n = 199 | African Countries † n = 138 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Demographics | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 2312 (35.2) | 1661 (34.1) | 446.0 (35.8) | 32.0 (26.2) | 79.0 (39.7) | 94.0 (68.1) |
Female | 4259 (64.8) | 3206 (65.9) | 799.0 (64.2) | 90.0 (73.8) | 120.0 (60.3) | 44.0 (31.9) |
Age, years | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 47 ± 15 | 49 ± 14 | 41 ± 15 | 47 ± 10 | 29 ± 6 | 35 ± 9 |
Median (Min, Max) | 48 (18, 93) | 51 (18, 93) | 38 (18, 82) | 47 (24, 76) | 29 (18, 60) | 35 (18, 65) |
18–29 | 945 (14.4) | 414 (8.5) | 357 (28.7) | 7 (5.7) | 119 (59.8) | 48 (34.8) |
30–39 | 1320 (20.1) | 895 (18.4) | 286 (23.0) | 24 (19.7) | 72 (36.2) | 43 (31.2) |
40–49 | 1254 (19.1) | 1001 (20.6) | 172 (13.8) | 38 (31.1) | 5 (2.5) | 38 (27.5) |
50–59 | 1498 (22.8) | 1239 (25.5) | 206 (16.5) | 45 (36.9) | 1 (0.5) | 7 (5.1) |
60 and above | 1554 (23.6) | 1318 (27.1) | 224 (18.0) | 8 (6.6) | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.4) |
Education level | ||||||
Primary/Secondary | 841 (12.8) | 580 (11.9) | 230 (18.5) | 6 (4.9) | 17 (8.5) | 8 (5.8) |
Undergraduate Degree | 2425 (36.9) | 1508 (31.0) | 652 (52.4) | 63 (51.6) | 109 (54.8) | 93 (67.4) |
Postgraduate Degree | 3305 (50.3) | 2779 (57.1) | 363 (29.2) | 53 (43.4) | 73 (36.7) | 37 (26.8) |
Socio-economic status | ||||||
Low/Lower Middle | 3177 (48.3) | 2206 (45.3) | 694 (55.7) | 92 (75.4) | 82 (41.2) | 103 (74.6) |
Upper Middle | 3025 (46.0) | 2342 (48.1) | 512 (41.1) | 26 (21.3) | 111 (55.8) | 34 (24.6) |
High | 369 (5.6) | 319 (6.6) | 39 (3.1) | 4 (3.3) | 6 (3.0) | 1 (0.7) |
Residential setting | ||||||
Rural | 294 (4.5) | 111 (2.3) | 155 (12.4) | 23 (18.9) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.4) |
Suburban/Slum | 786 (12.0) | 542 (11.1) | 182 (14.6) | 19 (15.6) | 29 (14.6) | 14 (10.1) |
Urban | 5491 (83.6) | 4214 (86.6) | 908 (72.9) | 80 (65.6) | 167 (83.9) | 122 (88.4) |
Healthcare worker or student (Yes) | 1968 (29.9) | 1443 (29.6) | 270 (21.7) | 49 (40.2) | 116 (58.3) | 90 (65.2) |
Working/studying from home (Yes) | 3835 (58.4) | 2885 (59.3) | 729 (58.6) | 50 (41.0) | 125 (62.8) | 46 (33.3) |
COVID-19 testing | ||||||
Not tested/Don’t know test results | 3614 (55.0) | 2444 (50.2) | 873 (70.1) | 103 (84.4) | 111 (55.8) | 83 (60.1) |
Tested, negative | 2379 (36.2) | 1893 (38.9) | 360 (28.9) | 19 (15.6) | 56 (28.1) | 51 (37.0) |
Tested, positive | 578 (8.8) | 530 (10.9) | 12 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (16.1) | 4 (2.9) |
Household | ||||||
Living with children < 12 years old | 2004 (30.5) | 1417 (29.1) | 395 (31.7) | 25 (20.5) | 81 (40.7) | 86 (62.3) |
Living with children 12 to 17 years old | 1350 (20.5) | 902 (18.5) | 312 (25.1) | 21 (17.2) | 47 (23.6) | 68 (49.3) |
Variable | Total | Brazil n = 4867 | Malaysia n = 1245 | Thailand n = 122 | Bangladesh n = 199 | African Countries † n = 138 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Willingness to vaccinate children | ||||||
At 50% Effectiveness | 3691 (64.0) | 3313 (77.1) | 289 (27.2) | 15 (13.0) | 59 (34.1) | 15 (12.4) |
At 75% Effectiveness | 4432 (72.6) | 3917 (85.2) | 383 (35.2) | 23 (20.2) | 93 (50.0) | 16 (13.4) |
At 95% Effectiveness | 6107 (92.9) | 4667 (95.9) | 1060 (85.1) | 109 (89.3) | 185 (93.0) | 86 (62.3) |
Worry/fear of being infected with COVID-19 (Likert score, 1–5) | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 3.63 ± 1.09 | 3.75 ± 1.05 | 3.52 ± 1.04 | 3.02 ± 1.10 | 2.76 ± 1.01 | 2.35 ± 1.10 |
Median (Min, Max) | 4 (1,5) | 4.00 (1,5) | 4.00 (1,5) | 3.00 (1,5) | 3 (1,5) | 2.00 (1,5) |
Knowledge about COVID-19 (Yes): n (%) | ||||||
Possibility of being re-infected after recovering from COVID-19 | 5514 (83.9) | 4180 (85.9) | 956 (76.8) | 98 (80.3) | 177 (88.9) | 103 (74.6) |
COVID-19 can be prevented by vaccination | 5407 (82.3) | 4428 (91.0) | 715 (57.4) | 78 (63.9) | 108 (54.3) | 78 (56.5) |
There is currently an effective vaccine against COVID-19 | 4361 (66.4) | 3738 (76.8) | 421 (33.8) | 80 (65.6) | 88 (44.2) | 34 (24.6) |
Knowledge about COVID-19 (composite score, 0–3) * | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 2.33 ± 0.88 | 2.54 ± 0.75 | 1.68 ± 0.93 | 2.10 ± 0.86 | 1.87 ± 0.90 | 1.56 ± 0.94 |
Median (Min, Max) | 3 (0, 3) | 3 (0, 3) | 2 (0, 3) | 2 (0, 3) | 2 (0, 3) | 1.5 (0, 3) |
Importance of COVID-19 vaccination to protect others (Likert score, 1–5) | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 4.87 ± 0.85 | 4.76 ± 0.65 | 4.09 ± 1.04 | 3.75 ± 1.00 | 4.17 ± 0.88 | 3.36 ± 1.49 |
Median (Min, Max) | 5 (1,5) | 5 (1,5) | 4 (1,5) | 4 (1,5) | 4 (1,5) | 4 (1,5) |
Not at all important | 158 (2.4) | 73 (1.5) | 45 (3.6) | 6 (4.9) | 3 (1.5) | 31 (22.5) |
A little important | 97 (1.5) | 28 (0.6) | 57 (4.6) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (1.5) | 8 (5.8) |
Moderately important | 326 (5.0) | 73 (1.5) | 177 (14.2) | 26 (21.3) | 36 (18.1) | 14 (10.1) |
Very important | 1258 (19.1) | 651 (13.4) | 433 (34.8) | 51 (41.8) | 73 (36.7) | 50 (36.2) |
Extremely important | 4732 (72.0) | 4042 (83.0) | 533 (42.8) | 38 (31.1) | 84 (42.2) | 35 (25.4) |
Variable | 50% Effectiveness | 75% Effectiveness | 95% Effectiveness | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | χ2 | p | Effect Size * | n (%) | χ2 | p | Effect Size * | n (%) | χ2 | p | Effect Size * | |
Age (Years) | 152.96 | <0.001 | 0.163 | 138.97 | <0.001 | 0.151 | 18.21 | 0.001 | 0.053 | |||
18–29 | 401 (50.5) | 507 (59.9) | 859 (90.9) | |||||||||
30–39 | 656 (57.4) | 827 (68.1) | 1226 (92.9) | |||||||||
40–49 | 683 (62.6) | 841 (71.8) | 1148 (91.5) | |||||||||
50–59 | 925 (68.8) | 1078 (76.4) | 1402 (93.6) | |||||||||
60 and above | 1026 (73.4) | 1179 (80.6) | 1472 (94.7) | |||||||||
Country | 1277.05 | <0.001 | 0.470 | 1545.75 | <0.001 | 0.503 | 379.54 | <0.001 | 0.240 | |||
Brazil | 3313 (77.1) | 3917 (85.2) | 4667 (95.9) | |||||||||
Malaysia | 289 (27.2) | 383 (35.2) | 1060 (85.1) | |||||||||
Thailand | 15 (13.0) | 23 (20.2) | 109 (89.3) | |||||||||
Bangladesh | 59 (34.1) | 93 (50.0) | 185 (93.0) | |||||||||
African Countries † | 15 (12.4) | 16 (13.4) | 86 (62.3) | |||||||||
Gender | 12.43 | <0.001 | 0.046 | 20.58 | <0.001 | 0.058 | 19.46 | <0.001 | 0.054 | |||
Male | 1264 (61.0) | 1509 (69.1) | 2105 (91.0) | |||||||||
Female | 2427 (65.6) | 2923 (74.5) | 4002 (94.0) | |||||||||
Education Level | 109.43 | <0.001 | 0.138 | 137.42 | <0.001 | 0.150 | 61.39 | <0.001 | 0.097 | |||
Primary/Secondary | 398 (55.4) | 486 (64.3) | 748 (88.9) | |||||||||
Undergraduate | 1220 (57.9) | 1466 (66.2) | 2209 (91.1) | |||||||||
Postgraduate | 2073 (70.4) | 2480 (79.1) | 3150 (95.3) | |||||||||
Household | ||||||||||||
Living with children <12 years old | 47.68 | <0.001 | 0.091 | 50.58 | <0.001 | 0.091 | 11.55 | 0.001 | 0.042 | |||
Yes | 989 (57.3) | 1210 (66.4) | 1830 (91.3) | |||||||||
No | 2702 (66.8) | 3222 (75.2) | 4277 (93.7) | |||||||||
Living with children 12 to 17 years old | 22.76 | <0.001 | 0.063 | 30.14 | <0.001 | 0.070 | 13.36 | <0.001 | 0.045 | |||
Yes | 678 (58.0) | 819 (66.4) | 1224 (90.7) | |||||||||
No | 3013 (65.5) | 3613 (74.2) | 4883 (93.5) | |||||||||
Socio-economic status | 49.68 | <0.001 | 0.093 | 80.18 | <0.001 | 0.115 | 16.22 | <0.001 | 0.050 | |||
Low/Lower Middle | 1669 (59.9) | 1971 (67.4) | 2911 (91.6) | |||||||||
Upper Middle | 1770 (66.7) | 2168 (76.7) | 2850 (94.2) | |||||||||
High | 252 (76.1) | 293 (82.3) | 346 (93.8) | |||||||||
Residential setting | 76.99 | <0.001 | 0.116 | 88.80 | <0.001 | 0.121 | 3.49 | 0.175 | 0.023 | |||
Suburban/Urban Slum | 433 (62.1) | 515 (70.0) | 726 (92.4) | |||||||||
Urban | 3166 (65.5) | 3796 (74.2) | 5115 (93.2) | |||||||||
Rural | 92 (38.0) | 121 (47.6) | 266 (90.5) | |||||||||
Healthcare worker or student | 5.65 | 0.017 | 0.031 | 3.61 | 0.057 | 0.024 | 0.39 | 0.530 | 0.008 | |||
Yes | 1076 (61.7) | 1296 (70.9) | 1835 (93.2) | |||||||||
No | 2615 (65.0) | 3136 (73.3) | 4272 (92.8) | |||||||||
Working/studying from home | 24.18 | <0.001 | 0.065 | 45.53 | <0.001 | 0.086 | 19.15 | <0.001 | 0.054 | |||
Yes | 2221 (66.6) | 2709 (75.8) | 3609 (94.1) | |||||||||
No | 1470 (60.3) | 1723 (68.0) | 2498 (91.3) | |||||||||
COVID-19 Testing | 20.79 | <0.001 | 0.060 | 21.73 | <0.001 | 0.060 | 8.03 | 0.018 | 0.035 | |||
Tested Negative | 1382 (66.1) | 1645 (74.4) | 2237 (94.0) | |||||||||
Tested Positive | 364 (70.3) | 431 (78.6) | 540 (93.4) | |||||||||
Not Tested/ Does not know test results | 1945 (61.6) | 2356 (70.4) | 3330 (92.1) | |||||||||
Mean (SD) | t value | p | Effect size § | Mean (SD) | t value | p | Effect size § | Mean (SD) | t value | p | Effect size § | |
Worry/fear of being infected with COVID-19 | 3.86 (0.98) | 20.13 | <0.001 | 0.694 | 3.82 (0.98) | 19.29 | <0.001 | 0.766 | 3.71 (1.03) | 16.65 | <0.001 | 1.479 |
Knowledge about COVID-19 ‡ | 2.65 (0.62) | 35.88 | <0.001 | 1.308 | 2.63 (0.63) | 39.73 | <0.001 | 1.678 | 2.41 (0.81) | 30.57 | <0.001 | 0.754 |
Importance of vaccination to protect others | 4.84 (0.43) | 28.03 | <0.001 | 1.148 | 4.82 (0.44) | 28.93 | <0.001 | 1.352 | 4.69 (0.61) | 24.78 | <0.001 | 2.276 |
Variables | 50% Effectiveness a | 75% Effectiveness b | 95% Effectiveness c | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||
Constant | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.05 | |||||||||
Age (Years) | ||||||||||||
18–29 | 0.62 | 0.46 | 0.82 | 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.46 | 0.86 | 0.003 | 0.98 | 0.64 | 1.49 | 0.922 |
30–39 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 2.00 | 1.31 | 3.05 | 0.001 |
40–49 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 1.13 | 0.253 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 0.99 | 0.040 | 1.17 | 0.77 | 1.78 | 0.466 |
50–59 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 0.96 | 0.025 | 0.66 | 0.49 | 0.89 | 0.006 | 1.78 | 1.14 | 2.77 | 0.011 |
60 and above * | ||||||||||||
Country | ||||||||||||
Malaysia | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.24 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.22 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.88 | 0.011 |
Thailand | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.78 | 0.53 | 1.15 | 0.217 |
Bangladesh | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.46 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 1.00 | 2.14 | 0.051 |
African Countries † | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.32 | <0.001 |
Brazil * | ||||||||||||
Gender (Female, ref Male) | 1.03 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 0.668 | 1.17 | 1.01 | 1.35 | 0.032 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.68 | <0.001 |
Education Level | ||||||||||||
Primary/Secondary * | ||||||||||||
Undergraduate | 1.28 | 1.00 | 1.64 | 0.048 | 1.38 | 1.08 | 1.77 | 0.010 | 2.33 | 1.71 | 3.19 | <0.001 |
Postgraduate | 0.81 | 0.63 | 1.04 | 0.100 | 0.93 | 0.72 | 1.20 | 0.577 | 1.84 | 1.31 | 2.57 | <0.001 |
Household | ||||||||||||
Living with children < 12 years old (Yes) | 0.90 | 0.76 | 1.05 | 0.178 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.19 | 0.873 | 1.30 | 1.04 | 1.63 | 0.023 |
Living with children 12 to 17 years old (Yes) | 1.27 | 1.07 | 1.50 | 0.006 | 1.14 | 0.96 | 1.34 | 0.132 | 0.88 | 0.71 | 1.11 | 0.281 |
No * | ||||||||||||
Socio-economic status | ||||||||||||
Low/Lower Middle | 1.12 | 0.78 | 1.60 | 0.534 | 0.78 | 0.53 | 1.15 | 0.211 | 2.34 | 1.37 | 3.98 | 0.002 |
Upper Middle | 1.02 | 0.71 | 1.44 | 0.933 | 0.87 | 0.60 | 1.28 | 0.484 | 1.77 | 1.04 | 3.00 | 0.034 |
High * | ||||||||||||
Residential setting | ||||||||||||
Suburban/Urban Slum | 1.20 | 0.80 | 1.80 | 0.379 | 1.28 | 0.87 | 1.86 | 0.207 | 0.69 | 0.39 | 1.24 | 0.220 |
Urban | 1.23 | 0.85 | 1.78 | 0.274 | 1.37 | 0.97 | 1.93 | 0.070 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.79 | 0.005 |
Rural * | ||||||||||||
Healthcare worker or student (Yes, reference group = No) | 0.98 | 0.85 | 1.14 | 0.830 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 1.10 | 0.441 | 0.96 | 0.78 | 1.17 | 0.674 |
Working/studying from home (Yes, reference group = No) | 1.36 | 1.18 | 1.56 | <0.001 | 1.21 | 1.05 | 1.39 | 0.010 | 0.94 | 0.77 | 1.14 | 0.526 |
COVID-19 Testing | ||||||||||||
Tested Negative | 0.88 | 0.76 | 1.03 | 0.121 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 1.23 | 0.98 | 1.53 | 0.070 |
Tested Positive | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.99 | 0.043 | 0.76 | 0.60 | 0.97 | 0.027 | 1.38 | 0.93 | 2.04 | 0.111 |
Not Tested/ Does not know test results * | ||||||||||||
Worry/fear of being infected with COVID-19 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 1.25 | <0.001 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 1.16 | 0.018 | 1.31 | 1.19 | 1.43 | <0.001 |
Knowledge about COVID-19 ‡ | 1.79 | 1.65 | 1.95 | <0.001 | 2.17 | 1.99 | 2.36 | <0.001 | 1.66 | 1.48 | 1.86 | <0.001 |
Importance of vaccination to protect others | 1.61 | 1.47 | 1.76 | <0.001 | 1.58 | 1.45 | 1.72 | <0.001 | 2.33 | 2.14 | 2.53 | <0.001 |
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Bono, S.A.; Siau, C.S.; Chen, W.S.; Low, W.Y.; Faria de Moura Villela, E.; Pengpid, S.; Hasan, M.T.; Sessou, P.; Ditekemena, J.D.; Amodan, B.O.; et al. Adults’ Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine for Children in Selected Lower- and Middle-Income Countries. Vaccines 2022, 10, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010011
Bono SA, Siau CS, Chen WS, Low WY, Faria de Moura Villela E, Pengpid S, Hasan MT, Sessou P, Ditekemena JD, Amodan BO, et al. Adults’ Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine for Children in Selected Lower- and Middle-Income Countries. Vaccines. 2022; 10(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleBono, Suzanna Awang, Ching Sin Siau, Won Sun Chen, Wah Yun Low, Edlaine Faria de Moura Villela, Supa Pengpid, M Tasdik Hasan, Philippe Sessou, John D. Ditekemena, Bob Omoda Amodan, and et al. 2022. "Adults’ Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine for Children in Selected Lower- and Middle-Income Countries" Vaccines 10, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010011
APA StyleBono, S. A., Siau, C. S., Chen, W. S., Low, W. Y., Faria de Moura Villela, E., Pengpid, S., Hasan, M. T., Sessou, P., Ditekemena, J. D., Amodan, B. O., Hosseinipour, M. C., Dolo, H., Siewe Fodjo, J. N., & Colebunders, R. (2022). Adults’ Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine for Children in Selected Lower- and Middle-Income Countries. Vaccines, 10(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010011