Determining the Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the Singapore Population Following the Completion of the Primary Vaccination Series
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Multivariable Models of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total N (%) | Non-Hesitant N (%) | Hesitant N (%) | p-Value | Univariate OR 1 | 95% CI 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1005 (100.0) | 698 (69.5) | 307 (30.5) | |||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 381 (37.9) | 273 (71.7) | 108 (28.3) | 0.237 | 0.845 | 0.639–1.117 |
Female | 624 (62.1) | 425 (68.1) | 199 (31.9) | Ref | ||
Race | ||||||
Chinese | 898 (89.4) | 619 (68.9) | 279 (31.1) | Ref | ||
Malay | 28 (2.8) | 22 (78.6) | 6 (21.4) | 0.281 | 0.605 | 0.243–1.509 |
Indian | 53 (5.3) | 40 (75.5) | 13 (24.5) | 0.318 | 0.721 | 0.380–1.370 |
Others | 26 (2.6) | 17 (65.4) | 9 (34.6) | 0.701 | 1.175 | 0.517–2.667 |
Mean Age (SD) | 42.58 (13.5) 3 | 42.3 (13.4) 3 | 43.3 (13.7) 3 | |||
Age | ||||||
18–29 years | 210 (20.9) | 145 (69.0) | 65 (31.0) | 0.076 | 0.648 | 0.401–1.046 |
30–44 years | 350 (34.8) | 254 (72.6) | 96 (27.4) | 0.008 | 0.546 | 0.349–0.853 |
45–59 years | 335 (33.3) | 234 (69.9) | 101 (30.1) | 0.038 | 0.623 | 0.399–0.974 |
60 years and above 4 | 110 (10.9) | 65 (59.1) | 45 (40.9) | Ref | ||
Highest Education | ||||||
No Formal Education/ Primary Education | 21 (2.1) | 18 (85.7) | 3 (14.3) | 0.094 | 0.349 | 0.102–1.199 |
Secondary/ Postsecondary Education | 387 (38.5) | 276 (71.3) | 111 (28.7) | 0.227 | 0.842 | 0.637–1.113 |
Tertiary Education | 597 (59.4) | 404 (67.7) | 193 (32.3) | Ref | ||
Housing Type | ||||||
1–3 room HDB 5 | 133 (13.2) | 90 (67.7) | 43 (32.3) | 0.560 | 1.127 | 0.754–1.684 |
4–5 room HDB/Executive Apartment/DBSS/HUDC 6 | 628 (62.5) | 441 (70.2) | 187 (29.8) | Ref | ||
Condominium/Landed Property | 244 (24.3) | 167 (68.4) | 77 (31.6) | 0.608 | 1.087 | 0.790–1.497 |
Monthly Household Income | ||||||
SGD 4999 and below | 307 (30.5) | 209 (68.1) | 98 (31.9) | Ref | ||
SGD 5000–8999 | 283 (28.2) | 193 (68.2) | 90 (31.8) | 0.975 | 0.995 | 0.703–1.407 |
SGD 9000–12,999 | 230 (22.9) | 160 (69.6) | 70 (30.4) | 0.713 | 0.933 | 0.645–1.350 |
SGD 13,000 and above | 185 (18.4) | 136 (73.5) | 49 (26.5) | 0.203 | 0.768 | 0.512–1.152 |
Occupation Status | ||||||
Employed | 603 (60.0) | 438 (72.6) | 165 (27.4) | Ref | ||
Student | 101 (10.0) | 72 (71.3) | 29 (28.7) | 0.779 | 1.069 | 0.670–1.705 |
Self-employed | 133 (13.2) | 80 (60.2) | 53 (39.8) | 0.005 | 1.759 | 1.190–2.599 |
Not employed or student | 168 (16.7) | 108 (64.30 | 60 (35.7) | 0.036 | 1.475 | 1.026–2.120 |
Daily Regular Contact(s) | ||||||
Less than 10 people | 500 (49.8) | 332 (66.4) | 168 (33.6) | Ref | ||
10–19 people | 223 (22.2) | 153 (68.6) | 70 (31.4) | 0.559 | 0.904 | 0.645–1.268 |
20–49 people | 187 (18.6) | 137 (73.3) | 50 (26.7) | 0.086 | 0.721 | 0.497–1.048 |
50 or more people | 95 (9.5) | 76 (80.0) | 19 (20.0) | 0.010 | 0.494 | 0.289–0.844 |
GAD-2 | ||||||
Below cut point (Total score < 3) | 897 (89.3) | 629 (90.1) | 268 (87.3) | Ref | ||
At or above cut point (Total score ≥ 3) | 108 (10.7) | 69 (9.9) | 39 (12.7) | 0.269 | 1.167 | 0.887–1.535 |
PHQ-2 | ||||||
Below cut point (total score < 3) | 872 (86.8) | 611 (87.5) | 261 (85.0) | Ref | ||
At or above cut point (Total score ≥ 3) | 133 (13.2) | 87 (12.5) | 46 (15.0) | 0.595 | 1.079 | 0.815–1.429 |
Living with people in poor health | ||||||
No | 936 (93.1) | 655 (70.0) | 281 (30.0) | Ref | ||
Yes | 69 (6.9) | 43 (62.3) | 26 (37.7) | 0.184 | 1.409 | 0.849–2.339 |
Living with unvaccinated people | ||||||
No | 887 (88.3) | 618 (69.7) | 269 (30.3) | Ref | ||
Yes | 118 (11.7) | 80 (67.8) | 38 (32.2) | 0.678 | 1.091 | 0.723–1.647 |
Living with people vulnerable to COVID-19 (e.g., elderly) | ||||||
No | 924 (91.9) | 645 (69.8) | 279 (30.2) | Ref | ||
Yes | 81 (8.1) | 53 (65.4) | 28 (34.6) | 0.413 | 1.221 | 0.757–1.972 |
Living with children between 0 to 11 years old | ||||||
No | 977 (97.2) | 682 (69.8) | 295 (30.2) | Ref | ||
Yes | 28 (2.8) | 16 (57.1) | 12 (42.9) | 0.156 | 1.734 | 0.810–3.711 |
Negative Benefits/Concerns Differential Score | 394 (39.2) | 168 (24.1) | 226 (73.6) | |||
Positive Benefits/Concerns Differential Score | 611 (60.8) | 530 (75.9) | 81 (26.4) |
Variables | Total M (SD) | Non-Hesitant M (SD) | Hesitant M (SD) | p-Value | Univariate OR 1 | 95% CI 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fear | 1.95 (0.94) | 1.94 (0.91) | 1.99 (1.00) | 0.394 | 1.060 | 0.928–1.210 |
Anxiety | 1.97 (0.97) | 1.94 (0.94) | 2.04 (1.02) | 0.147 | 1.103 | 0.966–1.259 |
Anger | 1.79 (1.00) | 1.74 (0.94) | 1.91 (1.13) | 0.020 | 1.168 | 1.025–1.332 |
Disgust | 1.66 (0.98) | 1.61 (0.92) | 1.79 (1.10) | 0.008 | 1.191 | 1.046–1.356 |
Helplessness | 1.96 (1.12) | 1.91 (1.09) | 2.08 (1.20) | 0.026 | 1.161 | 1.018–1.323 |
Perceived Risk of COVID-19 | 3.65 (0.70) | 3.67 (0.68) | 3.59 (0.75) | 0.116 | 0.898 | 0.786–1.027 |
Perceived Benefits | 3.52 (0.78) | 3.81 (0.61) | 2.86 (0.71) | <0.001 | 0.159 | 0.124–0.205 |
Necessity for booster vaccine | 3.35 (0.91) | 3.63 (0.83) | 2.72 (0.76) | <0.001 | 0.283 | 0.234–0.343 |
Perceived Concerns | 3.19 (0.84) | 2.99 (0.81) | 3.64 (0.72) | <0.001 | 2.617 | 2.194–3.122 |
Benefits/Concerns Differential | 0.34 (1.41) | 0.83 (1.19) | −0.78 (1.22) | <0.001 | 0.187 | 0.147–0.237 |
Variables | OR 1 | p-Value | 95% CI 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Sociodemographic Variables | |||||
Gender | Female | Ref | |||
Male | 0.850 | 0.405 | 0.580 | 1.246 | |
Race | Chinese | Ref | |||
Malay | 0.808 | 0.707 | 0.267 | 2.452 | |
Indian | 0.578 | 0.208 | 0.246 | 1.356 | |
Others | 1.571 | 0.427 | 0.515 | 4.791 | |
Age | 18 to 29 years | 1.110 | 0.797 | 0.501 | 2.460 |
30 to 44 years | 0.521 | 0.067 | 0.260 | 1.047 | |
45 to 59 years | 0.738 | 0.359 | 0.385 | 1.413 | |
60 years and above 3 | Ref | ||||
Highest Education | No Formal Education/ Primary Education | 0.109 | 0.009 | 0.021 | 0.577 |
Secondary/Postsecondary Education | 0.540 | 0.005 | 0.352 | 0.827 | |
Tertiary Education | Ref | ||||
Housing Type | 1–3 room HDB | 1.180 | 0.565 | 0.671 | 2.075 |
4–5 room HDB/Executive Apartment/DBSS/HUDC | Ref | ||||
Condominium/Landed Property | 0.924 | 0.725 | 0.595 | 1.435 | |
Monthly Household Income | SGD 4999 and below | Ref | |||
SGD 5000–8999 | 1.047 | 0.852 | 0.644 | 1.704 | |
SGD 9000–12,999 | 1.241 | 0.411 | 0.742 | 2.077 | |
SGD 13,000 and above | 0.847 | 0.568 | 0.479 | 1.498 | |
Occupation Status | Employed | Ref | |||
Student | 1.666 | 0.215 | 0.743 | 3.733 | |
Self-Employed | 1.618 | 0.077 | 0.949 | 2.760 | |
Not employed or student | 1.013 | 0.963 | 0.574 | 1.788 | |
Daily Regular Contact(s) | Less than 10 people | Ref | |||
10–19 people | 0.837 | 0.443 | 0.532 | 1.318 | |
20–49 people | 0.794 | 0.383 | 0.472 | 1.334 | |
50 or more people | 0.681 | 0.269 | 0.344 | 1.346 | |
Living with people in poor health | No | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.155 | 0.682 | 0.580 | 2.299 | |
Living with unvaccinated people | No | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.335 | 0.317 | 0.758 | 2.349 | |
Living with people vulnerable to COVID-19 (e.g., elderly) | No | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.100 | 0.779 | 0.564 | 2.147 | |
Living with children between 0 to 11 years old | No | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.877 | 0.235 | 0.664 | 5.304 | |
Psychological Variables (Stepwise Forward Method, in order of entry) | |||||
Perceived Benefits | 0.257 | <0.001 | 0.193 | 0.342 | |
Necessity for booster vaccine | 0.537 | <0.001 | 0.421 | 0.684 | |
Perceived Concerns | 1.698 | <0.001 | 1.314 | 2.195 | |
Perceived Risk of COVID-19 | 0.790 | 0.031 | 0.638 | 0.978 |
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Tan, K.Y.K.; Soh, A.S.E.; Ong, B.W.L.; Chen, M.I.; Griva, K. Determining the Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the Singapore Population Following the Completion of the Primary Vaccination Series. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071088
Tan KYK, Soh ASE, Ong BWL, Chen MI, Griva K. Determining the Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the Singapore Population Following the Completion of the Primary Vaccination Series. Vaccines. 2022; 10(7):1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071088
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Kevin Y. K., Alexius S. E. Soh, Brenda W. L. Ong, Mark IC. Chen, and Konstadina Griva. 2022. "Determining the Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the Singapore Population Following the Completion of the Primary Vaccination Series" Vaccines 10, no. 7: 1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071088