SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response against Mild-to-Moderate Breakthrough COVID-19 in Home Isolation Setting in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Patient Selection and Procedures
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.4. Diagnosis of COVID-19
2.5. Serological Assays
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Data
3.2. Rehospitalized COVID-19 Patients
3.3. Number of Symptoms and Fatigue Scores during Home Isolation
3.4. Clinical Manifestations and Viral Burden
3.5. Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Variants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | July–October 2021 (Delta) | January–March 2022 (Omicron) | p *,§ | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Patients (n = 2704) | S (n = 352) | Favi (n = 2277) | Favi/Dexa (n = 75) | p *,† | All Patients (n = 2477) | S (n = 520) | Favi (n = 1957) | p *,‡ | |||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
Female sex | 1451 | 53.7 | 176 | 50.0 | 1235 | 54.2 | 40 | 53.3 | 0.332 | 1446 | 58.4 | 340 | 65.4 | 1106 | 56.5 | 0.020 | 0.001 |
Age, year, mean (SD) | 33.8 | (11.6) | 15.7 | (9.4) | 36.0 | (8.7) | 52.5 | (6.4) | <0.001 | 31.3 | (12.3) | 36.0 | (15.4) | 30.1 | (11.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
<25 | 955 | 35.3 | 275 | 78.1 | 677 | 29.7 | 3 | 4.0 | <0.001 | 1015 | 41.0 | 115 | 22.1 | 900 | 46.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
25–60 | 1470 | 54.4 | 75 | 21.3 | 1350 | 59.3 | 45 | 60.0 | 1220 | 49.3 | 360 | 69.2 | 860 | 43.9 | |||
>60 | 279 | 10.3 | 2 | 0.6 | 250 | 11.0 | 27 | 36.0 | 242 | 9.8 | 45 | 8.7 | 197 | 10.1 | |||
Body weight, kg, mean (SD) | 57.5 | (22.0) | 38.3 | (21.4) | 59.7 | (20.9) | 69.7 | (13.2) | 0.043 | 55.8 | (22.4) | 61.6 | (16.7) | 54.2 | (23.4) | 0.034 | 0.007 |
Presence of comorbidities | |||||||||||||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 162 | 6.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 151 | 6.6 | 10 | 13.3 | <0.001 | 150 | 6.1 | 34 | 6.5 | 116 | 5.9 | 0.604 | 0.922 |
Hypertension | 313 | 11.6 | 7 | 2.0 | 283 | 12.4 | 23 | 30.7 | <0.001 | 513 | 20.7 | 116 | 22.3 | 397 | 20.3 | 0.312 | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 123 | 4.5 | 2 | 0.6 | 113 | 5.0 | 8 | 10.7 | 0.017 | 108 | 4.4 | 16 | 3.1 | 92 | 4.7 | 0.107 | 0.742 |
Obesity | 23 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 23 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.114 | 41 | 1.7 | 7 | 1.3 | 34 | 1.7 | 0.534 | 0.009 |
Malignancy | 22 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 21 | 0.9 | 1 | 1.3 | 0.176 | 25 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.4 | 23 | 1.2 | 0.109 | 0.458 |
Neurologic disease | 7 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.288 | 271 | 10.9 | 78 | 15.0 | 193 | 9.9 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Heart disease | 33 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.3 | 31 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.3 | 0.230 | 38 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.4 | 36 | 1.8 | 0.016 | 0.332 |
Lung disease | 51 | 1.9 | 1 | 0.3 | 30 | 1.3 | 20 | 26.7 | <0.001 | na | na | na | |||||
Kidney disease | 14 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.641 | 10 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.2 | 9 | 0.5 | 0.392 | 0.546 |
Others | 336 | 12.4 | 33 | 9.4 | 292 | 12.8 | 11 | 14.7 | 0.158 | 753 | 30.4 | 162 | 31.2 | 591 | 30.2 | 0.674 | <0.001 |
Presenting symptoms | |||||||||||||||||
Asymptomatic infection | 390 | 14.4 | 103 | 29.3 | 286 | 12.6 | 1 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 969 | 39.1 | 224 | 43.1 | 745 | 38.1 | 0.038 | <0.001 |
Fever/history of fever | 1250 | 46.2 | 133 | 37.8 | 1074 | 47.2 | 43 | 57.3 | 0.001 | 267 | 10.8 | 23 | 4.4 | 244 | 12.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
BT ¶ (°C), median (IQR) ‖ | 36.6 | (0.7) | 36.3 | (0.6) | 36.6 | (0.7) | 37.0 | (0.6) | 0.015 | 36.8 | (0.5) | 36.7 | (0.4) | 36.9 | (0.5) | 0.149 | <0.001 |
<37.5 | 2474 | 95.2 | 318 | 97.0 | 2094 | 95.3 | 62 | 83.8 | 0.002 | 2107 | 88.8 | 489 | 95.5 | 1618 | 86.9 | 0.015 | <0.001 |
37.5–38.0 | 120 | 4.6 | 10 | 3.0 | 99 | 4.5 | 11 | 14.9 | 244 | 10.3 | 21 | 4.1 | 223 | 12.0 | |||
>38.0 | 6 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.2 | 1 | 1.4 | 23 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.4 | 21 | 1.1 | |||
Cough | 1642 | 60.7 | 152 | 43.2 | 1425 | 62.6 | 65 | 86.7 | <0.001 | 1181 | 47.7 | 242 | 46.5 | 939 | 48.0 | 0.558 | <0.001 |
Sore throat | 1038 | 38.4 | 81 | 23.0 | 918 | 40.3 | 39 | 52.0 | 0.010 | 1181 | 47.7 | 242 | 46.5 | 939 | 48.0 | 0.558 | <0.001 |
Rhinorrhea | 419 | 15.5 | 47 | 13.4 | 358 | 15.7 | 14 | 18.7 | 0.383 | 626 | 25.3 | 143 | 27.5 | 483 | 24.7 | 0.189 | <0.001 |
Productive sputum | 537 | 19.9 | 46 | 13.1 | 465 | 20.4 | 26 | 34.7 | 0.029 | na | na | na | |||||
Loss of taste | 312 | 11.5 | 23 | 6.5 | 274 | 12.0 | 15 | 20.0 | 0.010 | 43 | 1.7 | 12 | 2.3 | 31 | 1.6 | 0.261 | <0.001 |
Loss of smell | 821 | 30.4 | 66 | 18.8 | 725 | 31.8 | 30 | 40.0 | 0.017 | 43 | 1.7 | 12 | 2.3 | 31 | 1.6 | 0.261 | <0.001 |
Dyspnea | 305 | 11.3 | 5 | 1.4 | 271 | 11.9 | 29 | 38.7 | 0.012 | 24 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.4 | 22 | 1.1 | 0.126 | <0.001 |
Myalgia | 282 | 10.4 | 11 | 3.1 | 249 | 10.9 | 22 | 29.3 | 0.005 | 206 | 8.3 | 52 | 10.0 | 154 | 7.9 | 0.118 | 0.009 |
Diarrhea | 126 | 4.7 | 11 | 3.1 | 108 | 4.7 | 7 | 9.3 | <0.001 | 63 | 2.5 | 10 | 1.9 | 53 | 2.7 | 0.312 | <0.001 |
Nausea/vomiting | 59 | 2.2 | 2 | 0.6 | 49 | 2.2 | 8 | 10.7 | 0.038 | 37 | 1.5 | 5 | 1.0 | 32 | 1.6 | 0.260 | 0.067 |
Others | 1549 | 57.3 | 168 | 47.7 | 1328 | 58.3 | 53 | 70.7 | <0.001 | 191 | 7.7 | 36 | 6.9 | 155 | 7.9 | 0.449 | <0.001 |
Clinical features at the time of admission | |||||||||||||||||
Time from symptom onset to PCR diagnosis, median (IQR), days | 1.9 | (1.6) | 2.1 | (1.9) | 1.9 | (1.6) | 1.9 | (1.5) | 0.394 | 2.0 | (1.1) | 2.1 | (1.0) | 2.0 | (1.1) | 0.167 | 0.049 |
Time from symptom onset to admission, median (IQR), days | 5.1 | (2.4) | 5.6 | (2.6) | 5.0 | (2.3) | 5.2 | (2.0) | 0.337 | 2.8 | (1.6) | 3.2 | (2.0) | 2.6 | (1.4) | 0.032 | 0.021 |
Cycle threshold ** | |||||||||||||||||
Cycle threshold, median (IQR) | 21.0 | (7.8) | 24.1 | (9.4) | 20.7 | (7.4) | 18.5 | (4.3) | 0.001 | 19.0 | (5.7) | 21.4 | (6.9) | 19.7 | (5.3) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
<20 | 1118 | 43.1 | 88 | 25.9 | 979 | 45.0 | 51 | 68.9 | <0.001 | 1162 | 49.4 | 201 | 38.7 | 961 | 52.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
20–30 | 1218 | 47.0 | 189 | 55.6 | 1008 | 46.3 | 21 | 28.4 | 974 | 41.4 | 240 | 46.2 | 734 | 40.0 | |||
>30 | 255 | 9.8 | 63 | 18.5 | 190 | 8.7 | 2 | 2.7 | 216 | 9.2 | 78 | 15.0 | 138 | 7.5 | |||
Envelope (E), median (IQR) | 17.5 | (8.4) | 20.9 | (9.9) | 17.3 | (8.0) | 14.3 | (4.7) | 0.012 | 18.0 | (5.4) | 17.8 | (5.1) | 19.0 | (6.7) | 0.121 | <0.001 |
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), median (IQR) | 22.3 | (8.2) | 25.9 | (9.6) | 22.0 | (7.7) | 19.7 | (4.7) | <0.001 | 19.3 | (5.4) | 20.3 | (6.9) | 19.1 | (5.0) | 0.220 | <0.001 |
Referred back to the hospital, yes | 89 | 3.3 | 3 | 0.9 | 61 | 2.7 | 25 | 33.3 | <0.001 | 43 | 1.7 | 5 | 1.0 | 38 | 1.9 | 0.128 | <0.001 |
Dead, yes | 5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 6.7 | <0.001 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.466 | 0.308 |
Characteristics | July–October 2021 (Delta) | January–March 2022 (Omicron) | p *,§ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Patients (n = 89) | Alive (n = 84) | Dead (n = 5) | p *,† | All Patients (n = 43) | Alive (n = 41) | Dead (n = 2) | p *,‡ | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
Male sex | 44 | 49.4 | 43 | 51.2 | 1 | 20.0 | 0.175 | 20 | 46.5 | 18 | 43.9 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.121 | 0.753 |
Age, year, median (IQR) | 55.0 | (24.0) | 55.5 | (24.5) | 54.0 | (5.0) | 0.617 | 33.0 | (14.0) | 30.5 | (12.0) | 81.0 | (8.5) | 0.073 | <0.001 |
<18 | 5 | 5.6 | 5 | 6.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.017 | 25 | 58.1 | 25 | 61.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.022 | 0.697 |
18–44 | 26 | 29.2 | 26 | 31.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 9.3 | 4 | 9.8 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
45–64 | 37 | 41.6 | 32 | 38.1 | 5 | 100.0 | 3 | 7.0 | 3 | 7.3 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
≥65 | 21 | 23.6 | 21 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 25.6 | 9 | 22.0 | 2 | 100.0 | |||
Presence of comorbidities | |||||||||||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 23 | 25.8 | 21 | 25.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 0.457 | 7 | 16.3 | 7 | 17.1 | 0 | 0.0 | na | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 28 | 31.5 | 26 | 31.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 0.672 | 10 | 23.3 | 10 | 24.4 | 0 | 0.0 | na | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 12 | 13.5 | 12 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.364 | 6 | 14.0 | 6 | 14.6 | 0 | 0.0 | na | <0.001 |
Heart disease | na | na | na | 3 | 7.0 | 3 | 7.3 | 0 | 0.0 | na | <0.002 | ||||
Others | 31 | 34.8 | 28 | 33.3 | 3 | 60.0 | 0.224 | 2 | 4.7 | 2 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | na | 0.258 |
Presenting symptoms of entering HI ¶ | |||||||||||||||
Asymptomatic infection | 9 | 10.1 | 9 | 10.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.440 | 32 | 74.4 | 30 | 73.2 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.396 | 0.020 |
Fever/history of fever | 49 | 55.1 | 46 | 54.8 | 3 | 60.0 | 0.464 | 27 | 62.8 | 25 | 61.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.530 | 0.003 |
BT ‖ (°C), median (IQR) ** | 36.8 | (0.5) | 36.8 | (0.5) | 36.8 | (0.2) | 0.156 | 36.7 | (0.9) | 36.7 | (0.9) | - | - | na | |
>38.0 | 9 | 10.1 | 8 | 9.5 | 1 | 20.0 | 0.429 | 2 | 4.7 | 2 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | na | 0.660 |
Cough | 61 | 68.5 | 58 | 69.0 | 3 | 60.0 | 0.672 | 20 | 46.5 | 18 | 43.9 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.258 | 0.533 |
URI †† | 45 | 50.6 | 43 | 51.2 | 2 | 40.0 | 0.489 | 21 | 48.8 | 21 | 51.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.111 | 0.174 |
Loss of taste/smell | 22 | 24.7 | 21 | 25.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 0.201 | 1 | 2.3 | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.793 | 0.008 |
Dyspnea | 53 | 59.6 | 48 | 57.1 | 5 | 100.0 | 0.013 | 2 | 4.7 | 2 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.706 | <0.001 |
Muscle aches | 23 | 25.8 | 21 | 25.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 0.101 | 8 | 18.6 | 8 | 19.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.399 | 0.925 |
Diarrhea | 13 | 14.6 | 11 | 13.1 | 2 | 40.0 | 0.098 | 2 | 4.7 | 2 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.706 | 0.219 |
Nausea/vomiting | 10 | 11.2 | 10 | 11.9 | 1 | 20.0 | 0.413 | 6 | 14.0 | 6 | 14.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.483 | 0.372 |
Chest radiograph on referral date | |||||||||||||||
Pneumonia detected in chest radiograph | 51 | 57.3 | 48 | 57.1 | 3 | 60.0 | 0.638 | 12 | 27.9 | 12 | 29.3 | 0 | 0.0 | na | 0.158 |
Hematological, median (IQR) | |||||||||||||||
WBC ‡‡ (×103/µL) | 7.7 | (7.4) | 7.7 | (7.4) | 7.4 | (7.2) | 0.785 | 6.3 | (4.0) | 6.3 | (3.7) | 8.8 | (9.8) | 0.061 | 0.012 |
Lymphocytes (×103/µL) | 0.8 | (0.8) | 0.9 | (0.4) | 0.8 | (0.8) | 0.038 | 1.8 | (2.1) | 1.8 | (2.0) | 2.1 | (2.6) | 0.914 | <0.001 |
<1 × 103/uL | 35 | 39.3 | 32 | 38.1 | 3 | 60.0 | 0.592 | 12 | 27.9 | 11 | 26.8 | 1 | 50.0 | 0.492 | 0.001 |
Neutrophil (×103/µL) | 6.1 | (7.0) | 6.4 | (7.4) | 6.1 | (7.0) | 0.584 | 3.4 | (2.5) | 3.4 | (2.6) | 6.1 | (7.3) | 0.047 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 | (0.4) | 0.8 | (0.4) | 1.0 | (1.6) | 0.068 | 0.8 | (0.8) | 0.8 | (0.9) | 0.8 | (0.3) | 0.047 | <0.001 |
eGFR §§ (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.5 | (37.5) | 84.5 | (38.2) | 56.4 | (87.1) | 0.080 | 67.0 | (64.5) | 67.0 | (64.5) | - | - | na | 0.139 |
AST ¶¶ (U/L) | 47.5 | (27.5) | 47.0 | (26.0) | 59.0 | (146.0) | 0.043 | 30.0 | (17.0) | 30.0 | (17.0) | 36.0 | - | na | <0.001 |
>40 | 35 | 39.3 | 32 | 38.1 | 3 | 60.0 | 0.056 | 10 | 23.3 | 10 | 24.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.552 | <0.001 |
ALT ¶¶ (U/L) | 41.5 | (32.5) | 42.0 | (32.0) | 19.0 | (39.0) | 0.337 | 18.0 | (8.0) | 17.5 | (8.0) | 22.0 | - | na | <0.001 |
>40 | 29 | 32.6 | 28 | 33.3 | 1 | 20.0 | 0.511 | 3 | 7.0 | 3 | 7.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.771 | <0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 72.1 | (65.2) | 72.5 | (64.0) | 64.1 | (54.7) | 0.154 | 3.4 | (9.2) | 3.4 | (8.7) | 67.6 | (29.3) | 0.035 | 0.008 |
<10 | 6 | 9.5 | 4 | 6.7 | 2 | 66.7 | 0.005 | 31 | 73.8 | 30 | 75.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 0.114 | <0.001 |
10–100 | 40 | 63.5 | 40 | 66.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 19.0 | 8 | 20.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
>100 | 17 | 27.0 | 16 | 26.7 | 1 | 33.3 | 3 | 7.1 | 2 | 5.0 | 1 | 50.0 | |||
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.5 | (1.5) | 0.085 | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.439 | <0.001 |
>0.05 | 40 | 83.3 | 36 | 81.8 | 4 | 100.0 | 0.097 | 9 | 69.2 | 7 | 63.6 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.305 | 0.257 |
D-dimer, median (ng/mL) | 2671.9 | (1008.9) | 2552.1 | (1067.1) | 4308.0 | (2872.6) | 0.059 | 1347.0 | (4588.5) | 1297.0 | (2723.0) | 7633.0 | - | na | 0.029 |
<500 | 13 | 29.5 | 13 | 31.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.215 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.117 | 0.099 |
501–3000 | 25 | 56.8 | 23 | 56.1 | 2 | 66.7 | 5 | 62.5 | 5 | 71.4 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
>3000 | 6 | 13.6 | 5 | 12.2 | 1 | 33.3 | 3 | 37.5 | 2 | 28.6 | 1 | 100.0 | |||
Cycle Threshold ‖‖ (viral load at the time of entering HI) | |||||||||||||||
Nucleocapsid (N), median (IQR) | 19.1 | (5.4) | 19.2 | (5.2) | 16.1 | (3.7) | 0.846 | 18.9 | (3.9) | 18.9 | (3.2) | 18.2 | (5.6) | 0.729 | 0.023 |
<20 | 57 | 64.0 | 53 | 63.1 | 4 | 80.0 | 0.714 | 31 | 72.1 | 30 | 73.2 | 1 | 50.0 | 0.567 | 0.414 |
20–30 | 28 | 31.5 | 27 | 32.1 | 1 | 20.0 | 9 | 20.9 | 8 | 19.5 | 1 | 50.0 | |||
>30 | 4 | 4.5 | 4 | 4.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 7.0 | 3 | 7.3 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
Vaccine status | |||||||||||||||
Unvaccinated | 58 | 65.2 | 54 | 64.3 | 4 | 80.0 | 0.408 | 29 | 67.4 | 27 | 65.9 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.603 | 0.134 |
1 dose | 10 | 11.2 | 9 | 10.7 | 1 | 20.0 | 9 | 20.9 | 9 | 22.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
≥2 doses | 21 | 23.6 | 21 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 11.6 | 5 | 12.2 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
ORcrude (95% CI) *** | 0.309 (0.189–0.504) | 0.131 (0.052–0.334) | |||||||||||||
ORage and sex adjusted | 0.142 (0.016–0.265) | 0.109 (0.011–0.318) | |||||||||||||
ORfully adjusted | 0.299 (0.012–7.643) | 0.105 (0.005–0.294) |
Characteristics | n % | Number of Symptoms † (0–12) | Fatigue Score ‡ (0–27) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR § | 95% CI ¶ | p *,‖ | aRR ** | 95% CI | p *,‖ | RR | 95% CI | p *,†† | aRR | 95% CI | p *,†† | |||
Female sex | 2194 | 58.4 | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.10) | 0.650 | 1.03 | (0.96, 1.11) | 0.361 | 1.13 | (0.99, 1.30) | 0.071 | 1.15 | (1.00, 1.31) | 0.049 * |
Age, year, median (range) | 31 (17–47) | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 0.966 | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 0.146 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) | 0.458 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) | 0.292 | |
Comorbidity | ||||||||||||||
Hypertension | 769 | 20.5 | 1.05 | (0.95, 1.16) | 0.322 | 1.04 | (0.93, 1.16) | 0.488 | 0.97 | (0.81, 1.15) | 0.708 | - | - | - |
Dyslipidemia | 231 | 6.2 | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.15) | 0.890 | 1.07 | (0.93, 1.22) | 0.353 | 0.97 | (0.77, 1.22) | 0.781 | 1.11 | (0.86, 1.42) | 0.427 |
Diabetes mellitus | 311 | 8.3 | 0.99 | (0.87, 1.13) | 0.914 | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.09) | 0.491 | 0.83 | (0.65, 1.05) | 0.115 | 0.81 | (0.63, 1.04) | 0.104 |
Asthma/COPD ‡‡ | 97 | 4.8 | 0.99 | (0.85, 1.15) | 0.882 | 0.99 | (0.86, 1.14) | 0.882 | 0.84 | (0.64, 1.10) | 0.211 | 0.85 | (0.65, 1.11) | 0.232 |
Chronic heart disease | 65 | 1.7 | 1.07 | (0.83, 1.39) | 0.592 | 1.07 | (0.84, 1.37) | 0.568 | 1.22 | (0.77, 1.93) | 0.39 | 1.30 | (0.83, 2.04) | 0.252 |
Severity of initial illness | 102 | 2.7 | 1.34 | (1.11, 1.61) | 0.002 * | 1.22 | (1.02, 1.45) | 0.030 * | 1.46 | (0.95, 1.75) | 0.051 | 1.43 | (1.37, 1.72) | 0.039 * |
Immunosuppression §§, median (range) | 8.89 (7.94–9.53) | 1.05 | (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 * | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.08) | 0.025 * | 1.04 | (1.00, 1.10) | 0.074 | 1.09 | (1.02, 1.16) | 0.015 * | |
Neutralizing antibody titers ¶¶, median (range) | 4.58 (4.55–4.59) | 1.22 | (1.08, 1.37) | 0.001 * | 1.22 | (1.05, 1.42) | 0.009 * | 1.18 | (0.80, 1.20) | 0.876 | 1.14 | (0.66, 1.19) | 0.324 | |
Vaccinated, yes | 2577 | 68.6 | 0.81 | (0.76, 0.87) | <0.001 * | 0.78 | (0.72, 0.84) | <0.001 * | 0.85 | (0.75, 0.97) | 0.014 * | 0.84 | (0.73, 0.96) | 0.011 * |
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Mongkolsucharitkul, P.; Surawit, A.; Pumeiam, S.; Sookrung, N.; Tungtrongchitr, A.; Phisalprapa, P.; Sayabovorn, N.; Srivanichakorn, W.; Washirasaksiri, C.; Auesomwang, C.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response against Mild-to-Moderate Breakthrough COVID-19 in Home Isolation Setting in Thailand. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071131
Mongkolsucharitkul P, Surawit A, Pumeiam S, Sookrung N, Tungtrongchitr A, Phisalprapa P, Sayabovorn N, Srivanichakorn W, Washirasaksiri C, Auesomwang C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response against Mild-to-Moderate Breakthrough COVID-19 in Home Isolation Setting in Thailand. Vaccines. 2022; 10(7):1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071131
Chicago/Turabian StyleMongkolsucharitkul, Pichanun, Apinya Surawit, Sureeporn Pumeiam, Nitat Sookrung, Anchalee Tungtrongchitr, Pochamana Phisalprapa, Naruemit Sayabovorn, Weerachai Srivanichakorn, Chaiwat Washirasaksiri, Chonticha Auesomwang, and et al. 2022. "SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response against Mild-to-Moderate Breakthrough COVID-19 in Home Isolation Setting in Thailand" Vaccines 10, no. 7: 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071131