HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening: Assessing Awareness, Attitudes, and Adherence in Detained Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Population Recruitment and Data Collection
2.3. Survey Instrument
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Pilot Study and Ethical Statement
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic, Detention, and Anamnestic Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Knowledge about HPV Infection, Cervical Cancer, and Related Prevention
3.3. Attitudes towards HPV Infection, Cervical Cancer, and Related Prevention
3.4. Preventive Behavior towards HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer
3.5. Sources of Information
4. Discussions
4.1. Knowledge and Attitudes about HPV Infection, Cervical Cancer, and Related Prevention
4.2. Preventive Behavior towards HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer
4.3. Public Health Implications of the Study
4.4. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Knowledge Items | Yes | Do Not Know | No |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
HPV is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) | 88 (41.1) | 104 (48.6) | 22 (10.3) |
HPV can cause: | |||
Abnormal PAP smears | 85 (39.7) | 117 (54.7) | 12 (5.6) |
Cervical cancer | 78 (36.4) | 118 (55.1) | 18 (8.5) |
Genital warts | 63 (29.4) | 134 (62.6) | 17 (8) |
Bladder infection | 66 (30.8) | 131 (61.2) | 17 (8) |
Skin cancer | 19 (8.9) | 147 (68.7) | 48 (22.4) |
Oral cancer | 36 (16.8) | 140 (65.4) | 38 (17.8) |
HPV vaccination is effective at preventing genital warts | 84 (39.2) | 110 (51.4) | 20 (9.4) |
HPV vaccination is effective in preventing cervical cancer | 98 (45.8) | 100 (46.7) | 16 (7.5) |
HPV vaccination prevents other STDs such as HIV, chlamydia, and others | 28 (13.1) | 153 (71.5) | 33 (15.4) |
HPV vaccination is effective in women who are already sexually active | 41 (19.2) | 153 (71.5) | 20 (9.3) |
HPV vaccination is effective in women who have already been exposed to HPV | 23 (10.8) | 161 (75.2) | 30 (14) |
HPV infection usually goes away in its own | 168 (78.5) | 45 (21.1) | 1 (0.4) |
Strongly Agree or Agree | Uncertain | Strongly Disagree or Disagree | |
---|---|---|---|
Items | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
I will get HPV infection during my life | 34 (15.9) | 62 (28.9) | 118 (55.2) |
My lifestyle increases the risk to get HPV infection | 20 (9.3) | 56 (26.1) | 138 (64.6) |
I have the same risk of HPV infection as women who have never been incarcerated | 57 (26.7) | 79 (36.9) | 78 (36.4) |
I have the same risk of cervical cancer as women who have never been incarcerated | 73 (34.1) | 77 (36) | 64 (29.9) |
HPV infection transmission is easy through sexual partners | 153 (71.5) | 50 (23.4) | 11 (5.1) |
It is embarrassing to have genital warts | 152 (71) | 54 (25.3) | 8 (3.7) |
Being diagnosed with cervical cancer would have major negative consequences on my life | 162 (75.7) | 45 (21) | 7 (3.3) |
Cervical cancer can cause death | 147 (68.7) | 56 (26.1) | 11 (5.2) |
Generally, vaccines are more dangerous than safe | 50 (23.4) | 52 (24.3) | 112 (52.3) |
HPV vaccination is safe | 79 (36.9) | 112 (52.3) | 23 (10.8) |
HPV vaccination can cause serious side effects | 20 (9.3) | 153 (71.5) | 41 (19.2) |
HPV vaccination is not necessary if I get regular PAP test | 73 (34.1) | 99 (46.2) | 42 (19.7) |
HPV vaccination can save my life * | 36 (46.8) | 28 (36.3) | 13 (16.9) |
Items | n (%) |
---|---|
Have you ever got HPV vaccination? 1 | |
Yes | 0 (0) |
No | 77 (100) |
Have you ever received a diagnosis of HPV infection? | |
Yes | 8 (3.3) |
No | 206 (96.7) |
Have you ever had a PAP smear included in a screening program? 2 | |
Yes | 28 (13.5) |
No | 173 (83.2) |
Do not know | 7 (3.3) |
Where did you take a PAP smear? 3 | |
In the community, before incarceration | 11 (39.3) |
In prison | 13 (46.4) |
Both | 4 (14.3) |
Have you ever had an abnormal PAP smear? 3 | |
Yes | 4 (14.3) |
No | 23 (82.1) |
Do not know | 1 (3.6) |
After the abnormal PAP smear test, what did you do? 4 | |
Colposcopy/biopsy | 3 (75) |
I took another PAP smear | 1 (25) |
Have you ever had a diagnosis of cervical cancer? | |
Yes | 4 (1.8) |
No | 210 (98.2) |
Did you follow (are you following) a specific treatment for the cervical cancer? 5 | |
Surgery | 3 (75) |
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy | 1 (25) |
^ Model. Pap Smear Uptake in a Screening Program | Total | Pap Smear Uptake | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI ° | p | n | n (%) | |
Age, years | |||||
25–39 | 1 * | 65 | 6 (9.2) | ||
40–49 | 1.855 | 0.644–5.341 | 0.252 | 70 | 12 (17.1) |
≥50 | Backward elimination | 66 | 8 (12.1) | ||
First detention | |||||
No | 1 * | 67 | 8 (11.9) | ||
Yes | 2.546 | 0.751–8.629 | 0.133 | 134 | 20 (14.9) |
Working activity in the prison | |||||
No | 1 * | 114 | 9 (7.9%) | ||
Yes | 4.233 | 1.417–12.648 | 0.010 | 87 | 19 (21.8) |
Smoking habit | |||||
Never smoker | 1 * | 33 | 4 (12.1) | ||
Current/past smoker | 2.288 | 0.491–10.655 | 0.291 | 168 | 24 (14.3) |
Alcohol use disorder | |||||
No | 1 * | 176 | 26 (14.8) | ||
Yes | 0.218 | 0.022–2.160 | 0.193 | 25 | 2 (8) |
Age at first sexual intercourse, years | |||||
≤15 | 1 * | 66 | 8 (12.1) | ||
16–18 | Backward elimination | 96 | 10 (10.4) | ||
≥19 | 3.645 | 1.071–12.397 | 0.038 | 39 | 8 (20.5) |
Know anyone who has been diagnosed with HPV infection or cervical cancer | |||||
No | 1 * | 153 | 16 (10.4) | ||
Yes | 3.358 | 1.091–10.331 | 0.035 | 48 | 12 (25) |
Knowing that HPV is an STD and that HPV can cause cervical and oral cancer | |||||
No | 1 * | 177 | 19 (10.7) | ||
Yes | 10.305 | 2.962–35.851 | <0.001 | 24 | 9 (37.5) |
Belief that being diagnosed with cervical cancer would have major consequences on one’s life | |||||
No | 1 * | 50 | 13 (26) | ||
Yes | 0.413 | 0.098–1.734 | 0.228 | 151 | 15 (9.9) |
Belief that cervical cancer can cause death | |||||
No | 1 * | 62 | 16 (25.8) | ||
Yes | 0.239 | 0.053–1.070 | 0.061 | 139 | 12 (8.6) |
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Di Giuseppe, G.; Folcarelli, L.; Lanzano, R.; Napolitano, F.; Pavia, M. HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening: Assessing Awareness, Attitudes, and Adherence in Detained Women. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081280
Di Giuseppe G, Folcarelli L, Lanzano R, Napolitano F, Pavia M. HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening: Assessing Awareness, Attitudes, and Adherence in Detained Women. Vaccines. 2022; 10(8):1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081280
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Giuseppe, Gabriella, Lucio Folcarelli, Raffaele Lanzano, Francesco Napolitano, and Maria Pavia. 2022. "HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening: Assessing Awareness, Attitudes, and Adherence in Detained Women" Vaccines 10, no. 8: 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081280
APA StyleDi Giuseppe, G., Folcarelli, L., Lanzano, R., Napolitano, F., & Pavia, M. (2022). HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening: Assessing Awareness, Attitudes, and Adherence in Detained Women. Vaccines, 10(8), 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081280