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10.3390/vaccines10091554
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Article

Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine Policies in Italy, India, and South Africa

by
Manfei Yang
1,
Leiyu Shi
2,
Haiqian Chen
1,
Xiaohan Wang
1,
Jun Jiao
1,
Meiheng Liu
1,
Junyan Yang
1 and
Gang Sun
1,2,*
1
Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
2
Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091554
Submission received: 14 August 2022 / Revised: 13 September 2022 / Accepted: 14 September 2022 / Published: 18 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Section COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination)
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Abstract

(1) Purpose: This study aimed to analyze coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine policies and their effectiveness in Italy, India, and South Africa to provide empirical experience for vaccination and COVID-19 pandemic control. (2) Methods: The study systematically summarized the COVID-19 vaccine policies in Italy, India, and South Africa through public information available on the official websites of the World Health Organization and the ministries of health in these three countries. Total vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccination rates, rates of fully vaccinated, rates of booster-vaccinated, and total confirmed cases were selected for cross-sectional comparison of COVID-19 vaccination in these three countries. Daily cases per million, daily deaths per million, and the effective reproduction rate were calculated to measure the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine policies implementation in each of these three countries. (3) Results: Italy, India, and South Africa differ in the start date of COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine types, vaccine appointments, and whether vaccinations are free. The COVID-19 vaccination rates in these three countries varied widely, with Italy having the highest and South Africa the lowest. COVID-19 vaccination has had a positive effect on reducing daily deaths and stabilizing the effective reproduction rate. The three countries had experienced more than one outbreak spike due to the spread of new mutated strains since the start of COVID-19 vaccination. (4) Conclusions: This study concluded that responding to the COVID-19 pandemic requires active promotion of basic and booster vaccinations to comprehensively build up the population immune barrier. Promoting equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccine internationally and solidarity and cooperation among countries maximizes global common interests. By combining vaccination with non-pharmaceutical interventions, the pandemic can be prevented and controlled comprehensively and systematically in three aspects: detection of the source of infection, reduction of transmission routes, and protection of susceptible populations.
Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine policies; vaccination; effective reproduction rate COVID-19; vaccine policies; vaccination; effective reproduction rate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, M.; Shi, L.; Chen, H.; Wang, X.; Jiao, J.; Liu, M.; Yang, J.; Sun, G. Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine Policies in Italy, India, and South Africa. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091554

AMA Style

Yang M, Shi L, Chen H, Wang X, Jiao J, Liu M, Yang J, Sun G. Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine Policies in Italy, India, and South Africa. Vaccines. 2022; 10(9):1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091554

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Manfei, Leiyu Shi, Haiqian Chen, Xiaohan Wang, Jun Jiao, Meiheng Liu, Junyan Yang, and Gang Sun. 2022. "Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine Policies in Italy, India, and South Africa" Vaccines 10, no. 9: 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091554

APA Style

Yang, M., Shi, L., Chen, H., Wang, X., Jiao, J., Liu, M., Yang, J., & Sun, G. (2022). Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine Policies in Italy, India, and South Africa. Vaccines, 10(9), 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091554

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