Vaccine-Preventable Hospitalisations from Seasonal Respiratory Diseases: What Is Their True Value?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Vaccine-Preventable Hospitalisations
Disease | Age Groups | Vaccine Modelled | Effectiveness | Coverage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flu | 65 years and above | Influenza Vaccine | 50% [11] 1 | 72% [11] |
PD | Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23) | 27% against IPD [16]; 0% against pneumococcal CAP [17] | 69% [12] 2 | |
RSV | Hypothetical vaccine | 50% [14,18] 1 | 69% 3 | |
COVID-19 | 50 years and above | COVID booster vaccine | 90% [19] | 66.7–91.5% 4 [15] |
2.2. Reference Costing versus Opportunity Costing
- When vaccine-preventable hospitalisations are an optimal use of hospital beds, their opportunity cost is proxied by the forgone benefit from alternative treatment opportunities, which can be quantified in Net Monetary Benefit (NMB) terms. We converted the bed days freed up by vaccination into the number of alternative treatments and valued them in Net Monetary Benefit (NMB) terms. The NMB is estimated using average health gains and average costs from an alternative treatment [6] (see Table S4 in Supplementary Materials).
- When vaccine-preventable hospitalisations are a suboptimal use of hospital beds, their opportunity cost is proxied by the total economic cost, given by the sum of the forgone benefit (NMB) from alternative treatments and the cost of vaccine-preventable hospitalisations.
2.3. What-If Analyses
2.3.1. Impact of Varying the Proportion of Hospitalisations Occurring in the Winter
2.3.2. Impact of Replacing the Current PPV23 Programme for PD with PCV20 Data
3. Results
3.1. Winter Flu, PD and RSV Impact
3.1.1. Vaccine-Preventable Hospitalisations
3.1.2. Reference Costing versus Opportunity Costing
3.2. Winter COVID-19 Impact
3.2.1. Vaccine Preventable Hospitalisations
3.2.2. Reference Costing versus Opportunity Costing
3.3. What-If Analyses
3.3.1. Impact of Varying the Proportion of Hospitalisations Occurring in the Winter
3.3.2. Impact of Replacing the Current PPV23 Programme for PD with PCV20 Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neri, M.; Brassel, S.; Schirrmacher, H.; Mendes, D.; Vyse, A.; Steuten, L.; Hamson, E. Vaccine-Preventable Hospitalisations from Seasonal Respiratory Diseases: What Is Their True Value? Vaccines 2023, 11, 945. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050945
Neri M, Brassel S, Schirrmacher H, Mendes D, Vyse A, Steuten L, Hamson E. Vaccine-Preventable Hospitalisations from Seasonal Respiratory Diseases: What Is Their True Value? Vaccines. 2023; 11(5):945. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050945
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeri, Margherita, Simon Brassel, Hannah Schirrmacher, Diana Mendes, Andrew Vyse, Lotte Steuten, and Elizabeth Hamson. 2023. "Vaccine-Preventable Hospitalisations from Seasonal Respiratory Diseases: What Is Their True Value?" Vaccines 11, no. 5: 945. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050945