Investigating the Marginal and Herd Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination for Reducing Case Fatality Rate: Evidence from the United States between March 2021 to January 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Models
3. Results
3.1. The Results of the Analysis at National Level
3.2. The Results of the Analysis at County Level
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Estimate | T Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
1.976 | 624.70 | <0.001 | |
0.000 | 0.28 | 0.78 | |
−0.003 | −0.90 | 0.37 | |
−0.057 | −45.32 | <0.001 | |
−0.236 | −80.67 | <0.001 | |
0.003 | 7.50 | <0.001 | |
−0.227 | −55.09 | <0.001 | |
−0.115 | −47.03 | <0.001 |
Effect | Location | Estimate | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
1st marginal effect | 0.000 | 0.78 | |
1st herd effect | −0.003 | 0.37 | |
2nd marginal effect | −0.057 | <0.001 | |
2nd herd effect | −0.233 | <0.001 | |
3rd marginal effect | 0.003 | <0.001 | |
3rd herd effect | 0.009 | 0.02 | |
4th marginal effect | −0.115 | <0.001 |
Parameter | F.E. Est | F.E. T Ratio | F.E. p-Value | VRE Est |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.64 | 28.88 | <0.001 | 1.33 | |
−0.004 | −8.85 | <0.001 | 0.0005 | |
−0.025 | −7.35 | <0.001 | 0.024 | |
−0.007 | −3.74 | <0.001 | 0.007 | |
−0.018 | −2.84 | 0.005 | 0.091 | |
−0.02 | −13.07 | <0.001 | 0.006 | |
−0.004 | −0.35 | 0.728 | 0.2 | |
−0.039 | −23.49 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |
0.0004 | 0.33 | 0.744 | n/a 1 | |
0.807 | 11.00 | <0.001 | n/a | |
−0.057 | −0.73 | 0.467 | n/a | |
0.004 | 0.05 | 0.961 | n/a |
Effect | Location | F.E. Est | F.E. p-Value | VRE Est |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st marginal effect | −0.004 | <0.001 | 0.0005 | |
1st herd effect | −0.025 | <0.001 | 0.024 | |
2nd marginal effect | −0.01 | <0.001 | 0.008 | |
2nd herd effect | 0.008 | 0.70 | 0.115 | |
3rd marginal effect | −0.023 | <0.001 | 0.006 | |
3rd herd effect | 0.014 | 0.545 | 0.29 | |
4th marginal effect | −0.043 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
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Li, T.; Wang, Z.; He, S.; Chen, Y. Investigating the Marginal and Herd Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination for Reducing Case Fatality Rate: Evidence from the United States between March 2021 to January 2022. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061078
Li T, Wang Z, He S, Chen Y. Investigating the Marginal and Herd Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination for Reducing Case Fatality Rate: Evidence from the United States between March 2021 to January 2022. Vaccines. 2023; 11(6):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061078
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Tenglong, Zilong Wang, Shuyue He, and Ying Chen. 2023. "Investigating the Marginal and Herd Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination for Reducing Case Fatality Rate: Evidence from the United States between March 2021 to January 2022" Vaccines 11, no. 6: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061078