Real World Use of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Individuals: Data from the OCTOPUS Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laboratory Procedures
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Anti-RBD IgG and BA.5-Neutralizing Antibodies Persistence
3.3. Mucosal Anti- SARS-CoV-2 IgG Persistence
3.4. T-Specific Cell Response Assessed by IFN-γ Release
3.5. Breakthrough Infections (BTIs)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Shen, C.; Risk, M.; Schiopu, E.; Hayek, S.S.; Xie, T.; Holevinski, L.; Akin, C.; Freed, G.; Zhao, L. Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines inpatients taking immunosuppressants. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2022, 81, 875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parker, E.P.K.; Desai, S.; Marti, M.; Nohynek, H.; Kaslow, D.C.; Kochhar, S.; O’Brien, K.L.; Hombach, J.; Wilder-Smith, A. Response to additional COVID-19 vaccine doses in people who are immunocompromised: A rapid review. Lancet Glob. Health 2022, 10, e326–e328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Januel, E.; De Seze, J.; Vermersch, P.; Maillart, E.; Bourre, B.; Pique, J.; Moisset, X.; Bensa, C.; Maarouf, A.; Pelletier, J.; et al. Post-vaccine COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica. Mult. Scler. J. 2021, 28, 1155–1159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bin Lee, A.R.Y.; Wong, S.Y.; Chai, L.Y.A.; Lee, S.C.; Lee, M.X.; Muthiah, M.D.; Tay, S.H.; Teo, C.B.; Tan, B.K.J.; Chan, Y.H.; et al. Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2022, 376, e068632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prendecki, M.; Clarke, C.; Edwards, H.; McIntyre, S.; Mortimer, P.; Gleeson, S.; Martin, P.; Thomson, T.; Randell, P.; Shah, A.; et al. Humoral and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving immunosuppression. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2021, 80, 1322–1329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rusk, D.S.; Strachan, C.C.; Hunter, B.R. Lack of immune response after mRNA vaccination to SARS-CoV-2 in a solid organ transplant patient. J. Med. Virol. 2021, 93, 5623–5625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Belsky, J.A.; Tullius, B.P.; Lamb, M.G.; Sayegh, R.; Stanek, J.R.; Auletta, J.J. COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review of cancer, hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant patients. J. Infect. 2021, 82, 329–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dumortier, J.; Duvoux, C.; Roux, O.; Altieri, M.; Barraud, H.; Besch, C.; Caillard, S.; Coilly, A.; Conti, F.; Dharancy, S.; et al. COVID-19 in liver transplant recipients: The French SOT COVID registry. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 2021, 45, 101639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- US Food and Drug Administration. Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Emergency Use Authorization for Evusheld (Tixagevimab Co-Packaged with Cilgavimab). Available online: https://www.fda.gov/media/154701/download (accessed on 22 August 2022).
- EMA. Evusheld. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/smop-initial/chmp-summary-opinion-evusheld_en.pdf (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco. Available online: https://www.aifa.gov.it/-/attivazione-web-e-pubblicazione-schede-di-monitoraggio-registro-evusheld-profilassi-covid-19 (accessed on 15 September 2023).
- Ministero della Salute. Aggiornamento sulle Indicazioni Sull’intervallo Temporale Relativo alla Somministrazione della Dose Booster (di Richiamo) Nell’ambito della Campagna di Vaccinazione Anti-SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Available online: https://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=2021&codLeg=84679&parte=1%20&serie=null (accessed on 22 June 2024).
- Bruel, T.; Hadjadj, J.; Maes, P.; Planas, D.; Seve, A.; Staropoli, I.; Guivel-Benhassine, F.; Porrot, F.; Bolland, W.-H.; Nguyen, Y.; et al. Serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies. Nat. Med. 2022, 28, 1297–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahase, E. COVID-19: Evusheld is unlikely to prevent infection with current or future variants, NICE concludes. BMJ 2023, 380, 387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruel, T.; Stéfic, K.; Nguyen, Y.; Toniutti, D.; Staropoli, I.; Porrot, F.; Guivel-Benhassine, F.; Bolland, W.-H.; Planas, D.; Hadjadj, J.; et al. Longitudinal analysis of serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies. Cell Rep. Med. 2022, 3, 100850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cao, Y.; Song, W.; Wang, L.; Liu, P.; Yue, C.; Jian, F.; Yu, Y.; Yisimayi, A.; Wang, P.; Wang, Y.; et al. Characterization of the enhanced infectivity and antibody evasion of Omicron BA.2.75. Cell Host Microbe 2022, 30, 1527–1539.e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Solera, J.T.; Arbol, B.G.; Ferreira, V.H.; Kurtesi, A.; Hu, Q.; Ierullo, M.; Valverde-Zuniga, A.; Raslan, I.; Nasir, A.; Grizales, C.; et al. Differential serum neutralisation of omicron sublineages in patients receiving prophylaxis with tixagevimab-cilgavimab. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2023, 23, 528–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- AstraZeneca. Evusheld Long-Acting Antibody Combination Retains Neutralising Activity against Omicron Variant in Independent FDA Study. Available online: https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/evusheld-long-acting-antibody-combination-retains-neutralising-activity-against-omicron-variant-in-independent-fda-study.html# (accessed on 14 June 2023).
- Chen, B.; Haste, N.; Binkin, N.; Law, N.; Horton, L.E.; Yam, N.; Chen, V.; Abeles, S. Real world effectiveness of tixagevimab/cilgavimab (Evusheld) in the Omicron era. PLoS ONE 2023, 18, e0275356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Young-Xu, Y.; Epstein, L.; Marconi, V.C.; Davey, V.; Korves, C.; Zwain, G.; Smith, J.; Cunningham, F.; Bonomo, R.A.; Ginde, A.A. Tixagevimab/cilgavimab for preventing COVID-19 during the Omicron surge: Retrospective analysis of National Veterans Health Administration electronic data. mBio 2023, 14, e0102423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nguyen, Y.; Flahault, A.; Chavarot, N.; Melenotte, C.; Cheminant, M.; Deschamps, P.; Carlier, N.; Lafont, E.; Thomas, M.; Flamarion, E.; et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis with tixagevimab and cilgavimab (Evusheld) for COVID-19 among 1112 severely immunocompromised patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2022, 28, 1654.e1–1654.e4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kertes, J.; Ben David, S.S.; Engel-Zohar, N.; Rosen, K.; Hemo, B.; Kantor, A.; Adler, L.; Stein, N.S.; Reuveni, M.M.; Shahar, A. Association between AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) administration and SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2023, 76, e126–e132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Obaidi, M.M.; Gungor, A.B.; Kurtin, S.E.; Mathias, A.E.; Tanriover, B.; Zangeneh, T.T. The Prevention of COVID-19 in High-Risk Patients Using Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab (Evusheld): Real-World Experience at a Large Academic Center. Am. J. Med. 2022, 136, 96–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ocon, A.J.; Ocon, K.E.; Battaglia, J.; Low, S.K.; Neupane, N.; Saeed, H.; Jamshed, S.; Mustafa, S.S. Real-world effectiveness of tixagevimab and cilgavimab (Evusheld) in patients with hematological malignancies. J. Hematol. 2022, 11, 210–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stuver, R.; Shah, G.L.; Korde, N.S.; Roeker, L.E.; Mato, A.R.; Batlevi, C.L.; Chung, D.J.; Doddi, S.; Falchi, L.; Gyurkocza, B.; et al. Activity of AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in patients with hematologic malignancie. Cancer Cell. 2022, 40, 590–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, J.A.; Granger, K.; Roubal, K.; Smith, D.; Gaffney, K.J.; McGann, M.; Cendagorta, A.M.; Thurlapati, A.; Herbst, A.; Hendrickson, L.; et al. Efficacy of tixagevimab-cilgavimab in preventing SARS-CoV-2 for patients with B-cell malignancies. Blood 2023, 141, 200–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ollila, T.A.; Masel, R.H.; Reagan, J.L.; Lu, S.; Rogers, R.D.; Paiva, K.J.; Taher, R.; Burguera-Couce, E.; Zayac, A.S.; Yakirevich, I.; et al. Seroconversion and outcomes after initial and booster COVID-19 vaccination in adults with hematologic malignancies. Cancer 2022, 128, 3319–3329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bertrand, D.; Laurent, C.; Lemée, V.; Lebourg, L.; Hanoy, M.; Le Roy, F.; Nezam, D.; Pruteanu, D.; Grange, S.; de Nattes, T.; et al. Efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody prophylaxis and vaccination on the Omicron variant of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int. 2022, 102, 440–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alhumaid, S.; Al Mutair, A.; Alali, J.; Al Dossary, N.; Albattat, S.H.; Al HajjiMohammed, S.M.; Almuaiweed, F.S.; AlZaid, M.R.; Alomran, M.J.; Alqurini, Z.S.; et al. Efficacy and Safety of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab to Prevent COVID-19 (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diseases 2022, 10, 118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferré, V.M.; Kramer, L.; Rioux, C.; Goulenok, T.; Peiffer-Smadja, N.; Salpin, M.; Le Hingrat, Q.; Daugas, E.; Thy, M.; Dorent, R.; et al. SARS-COV-2 infections among 275 patients with tixagevimab/cilgavimab prophylaxis. In Proceedings of the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, WA, USA, 19–22 February 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Benotmane, I.; Velay, A.; Vargas, G.-G.; Olagne, J.; Cognard, N.; Heibel, F.; Braun-Parvez, L.; Martzloff, J.; Perrin, P.; Pszczolinski, R.; et al. A rapid decline in the anti–receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG titer in kidney transplant recipients after tixagevimab–cilgavimab administration. Kidney Int. 2022, 102, 1188–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FDA Announces Evusheld Is Not Currently Authorized for Emergency Use in the U.S. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-announces-evusheld-not-currently-authorized-emergency-use-us (accessed on 3 February 2023).
- Vergori, A.; Matusali, G.; Lepri, A.C.; Cimini, E.; Fusto, M.; Colavita, F.; Gagliardini, R.; Notari, S.; Mazzotta, V.; Mariotti, D.; et al. Neutralizing activity and T-cell response after bivalent fifth dose of messenger RNA vaccine in people living with HIV. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2023, 134, 195–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, I.; Filippatos, C.; Gavriatopoulou, M.; Malandrakis, P.; Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou, E.; Spiliopoulou, V.; Syrigou, R.-E.; Theodorakakou, F.; Fotiou, D.; Migkou, M.; et al. Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis against COVID-19 for Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Prospective Study in the Omicron Era. Diseases 2023, 11, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Najjar-Debbiny, R.; Gronich, N.; Weber, G.; Stein, N.; Saliba, W. Effectiveness of Evusheld in Immunocompromised Patients: Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2023, 76, 1067–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russell, M.W.; Mestecky, J. Mucosal immunity: The missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 957107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Faustini, S.E.; Cook, A.; Hill, H.; Al-Taei, S.; Heaney, J.; Efstathiou, E.; Tanner, C.; Townsend, N.; Ahmed, Z.; Dinally, M.; et al. Saliva antiviral antibody levels are detectable but correlate poorly with serum antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination. J. Infect. 2023, 87, 328–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller, T.R.; Sekine, T.; Trubach, D.; Niessl, J.; Chen, P.; Bergman, P.; Blennow, O.; Hansson, L.; Mielke, S.; Nowak, P.; et al. Additive effects of booster mRNA vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection on T cell immunity across immunocompromised states. Sci. Transl. Med. 2023, 15, eadg9452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Total | No COVID-19 (NoC) | Breakthrough Infections (BTIs) | Hybrid Immunity (H) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 231 | N = 72 | N = 56 | N = 103 | p-Value | |
Age, median (IQR) | 63.0 (54.0–73.0) | 66.0 (54.0–73.0) | 65.0 (56.0–71.0) | 63.0 (52.0–73.0) | 0.630 |
Gender, n(%) | 0.931 | ||||
Male | 124 (53.9) | 39 (54.2) | 29 (51.8) | 56 (54.9) | |
Female | 106 (46.1) | 33 (45.8) | 27 (48.2) | 46 (45.1) | |
Hematological disease, n(%) | 0.058 | ||||
No | 37 (16.0) | 7 (9.7) | 7 (12.5) | 23 (22.3) | |
Yes | 194 (84.0) | 65 (90.3) | 49 (87.5) | 80 (77.7) | |
Types of hematological diseases, n (%) | 0.238 | ||||
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 86 (44.3) | 32 (49.2) | 24 (49.0) | 30 (37.5) | |
Multiple Myeloma | 49 (25.3) | 16 (24.6) | 14 (28.6) | 19 (23.8) | |
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | 23 (11.9) | 6 (9.2) | 2 (4.1) | 15 (18.8) | |
Others | 36 (18.6) | 11 (16.9) | 9 (18.4) | 16 (20.5) | |
Immunosuppressive treatment, n (%) | 0.141 | ||||
No | 16 (7.4) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (5.9) | 11 (11.1) | |
Yes | 199 (92.6) | 63 (96.9) | 48 (94.1) | 88 (88.9) | |
Anti-CD20 treatment, n (%) | |||||
No | 155 (67.1) | 47 (65.3) | 39 (69.6) | 69 (67.0) | 0.872 |
Yes | 76 (32.9) | 25 (34.7) | 17 (30.4) | 34 (33.0) | |
CAR-T, n(%) | 0.029 | ||||
No | 223 (97.0) | 68 (94.4) | 53 (94.6) | 103 (100.0) | |
Yes | 7 (3.0) | 4 (5.6) | 3 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
Comorbidities, n (%) | 0.133 | ||||
No | 100 (43.3) | 32 (44.4) | 18 (32.1) | 50 (48.5) | |
Yes | 131 (56.7) | 40 (55.6) | 38 (67.9) | 53 (51.5) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.715 | ||||
No | 200 (86.6) | 64 (88.9) | 47 (83.9) | 89 (86.4) | |
Yes | 31 (13.4) | 8 (11.1) | 9 (16.1) | 14 (13.6) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | 0.526 | ||||
No | 214 (92.6) | 67 (93.1) | 50 (89.3) | 97 (94.2) | |
Yes | 17 (7.4) | 5 (6.9) | 6 (10.7) | 6 (5.8) | |
Cardiovascular Disease, n (%) | 0.817 | ||||
No | 227 (98.3) | 70 (97.2) | 55 (98.2) | 102 (99.0) | |
Yes | 4 (1.7) | 2 (2.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.0) | |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 0.320 | ||||
No | 226 (97.8) | 69 (95.8) | 56 (100.0) | 101 (98.1) | |
Yes | 5 (2.2) | 3 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.9) | |
Previous cancer, n (%) | 0.358 | ||||
No | 212 (91.8) | 66 (91.7) | 49 (87.5) | 97 (94.2) | |
Yes | 19 (8.2) | 6 (8.3) | 7 (12.5) | 6 (5.8) | |
COPD, n (%) | 0.028 | ||||
No | 225 (97.4) | 67 (93.1) | 56 (100.0) | 102 (99.0) | |
Yes | 6 (2.6) | 5 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | |
Death, n (%) | 0.907 | ||||
No | 228 (98.7) | 71 (98.6) | 55 (98.2) | 102 (99.0) | |
Yes | 3 (1.3) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.0) | |
Number of vaccine doses, median (IQR) | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) | 3.0 (3.0–4.0) | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) | 0.086 |
COVID19 severity (WHO criteria), n (%) | |||||
Asymptomatic | 10 (7.6) | 0 (.) | 5 (11.6) | 5 (5.6) | 0.203 |
Mild | 88 (66.7) | 0 (.) | 31 (72.1) | 57 (64.0) | |
Moderate | 24 (18.2) | 0 (.) | 6 (14.0) | 18 (20.2) | |
Severe | 10 (7.6) | 0 (.) | 1 (2.3) | 9 (10.1) |
Total (n = 231) | NoC (n = 72) | BTIs (n = 56) | H (n = 103) | p-Value | * BTIs vs. NoC p-Value | * H vs. NoC p-Value | * H vs. BTIs p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-RBD IgG T0 | 212.7 (5.9–979.0) | 46.5 (2.5–815.8) | 26.1 (1.4–360.5) | 474.1 (105.1–1607.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Anti-RBD IgG T1 | 1589.1 (1147.2–2485.3) | 1497.6 (1112.1–2053.1) | 1265.5 (959.4–2677.6) | 1833.2 (1245.2–2652.7) | 0.174 | |||
Anti-RBD IgG T2 | 666.0 (478.6–1166.7) | 640.5 (397.9–790.4) | 622.5 (415.1–1322.2) | 802.0 (539.9–1283.2) | 0.083 | |||
Anti-RBD IgG T3 | 277.8 (182.2–459.1) | 224.3 (163.2–337.1) | 295.5 (197.7–862.3) | 295.1 (190.9–393.2) | 0.378 | |||
Anti-RBD IgG T4 | 80.9 (60.9–432.5) | 118.6 (26.1–961.9) | 141.1 (64.5–432.5) | 63.7 (33.2–69.4) | 0.366 | |||
BA.5 nAbs T0 | 8.7 (7.2–10.5) | 6.3 (5.1–7.7) | 5.6 (4.7–6.7) | 14.8 (9.9–22.03) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
BA.5 nAbs T1 | 19.2 (15.9–23.1) | 14.1 (11.0–18.1) | 22.2 (14.3–34.5) | 21.2 (16.2–27.8) | 0.183 | |||
BA.5 nAbs T2 | 9.6 (7.7–12.0) | 5.6 (5.1–6.3) | 13.4 (7.7–23.4) | 11.7 (8.2–16.7) | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.002 | |
BA.5 nAbs T3 | 8.7 (6.3–12.1) | 5.2 (4.8–5.6) | 17.4 (8.9–33.7) | 5.0 (5.0–5.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
IFN-γ T0 | 38.2 (7.0–204.4) | 27.5 (4.0–140.0) | 26.8 (1.5–180.4) | 92.0 (16.1–343.4) | 0.039 | 0.014 | ||
IFN-γ T1 | 95.0 (14.5–242.5) | 52.3 (15.0–183.0) | 112.8 (4.0–351.8) | 106.3 (22.4–186.4) | 0.554 | |||
IFN-γ T2 | 66.2 (5.2–191.2) | 47.2 (3.6–131.3) | 79.5 (0.3–237.0) | 119.2 (14.1–282.5) | 0.200 | |||
IFN-γ T3 | 121.8 (41.1–367.8) | 25.7 (2.8–133.7) | 103.1 (29.1–697.5) | 176.3 (100.3–398.9) | 0.212 | |||
IFN-γ T4 | 589.0 (216.5–728.5) | 216.5 (216.5–216.5) | 589.0 (589.0–589.0) | 728.5 (728.5–728.5) | 0.367 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Vergori, A.; Matusali, G.; Cimini, E.; Bordi, L.; Borrelli, P.; Lanini, S.; Palazzi, R.; Paulicelli, J.; Mariotti, D.; Mazzotta, V.; et al. Real World Use of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Individuals: Data from the OCTOPUS Study. Vaccines 2024, 12, 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070784
Vergori A, Matusali G, Cimini E, Bordi L, Borrelli P, Lanini S, Palazzi R, Paulicelli J, Mariotti D, Mazzotta V, et al. Real World Use of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Individuals: Data from the OCTOPUS Study. Vaccines. 2024; 12(7):784. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070784
Chicago/Turabian StyleVergori, Alessandra, Giulia Matusali, Eleonora Cimini, Licia Bordi, Paola Borrelli, Simone Lanini, Roberta Palazzi, Jessica Paulicelli, Davide Mariotti, Valentina Mazzotta, and et al. 2024. "Real World Use of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Individuals: Data from the OCTOPUS Study" Vaccines 12, no. 7: 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070784