An Application of an Initial Full Value of Vaccine Assessment Methodology to Measles-Rubella MAPs for Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Global Need for Improved MR Vaccines and Ability of MR-MAPs to Overcome the MR Implementation Problems
2.2. Estimating the Costs and Benefits of MR-MAP
2.2.1. MR-MAP Use Cases and Demand Forecast
2.2.2. Benchmarking a MR-MAP Price
2.2.3. Estimating the Commodity and Delivery Costs
2.2.4. Estimating the Potential Health Impact and Cost Effectiveness
2.3. Describing the Pathway from Development to Delivery
2.3.1. Identifying Key Product Characteristics for Decision-Makers
2.3.2. Assessing the Technical Challenges to MAP Development
2.3.3. Conducting a Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Global Need for Improved MR Vaccines and Ability of MR-MAPs to Overcome MR Problem Statements
3.2. Estimating the Costs and Benefits of MR-MAP
3.2.1. MR-MAP Use Cases and Demand Forecast
3.2.2. Benchmarking an MR-MAP Price
3.2.3. Estimating the Commodity and Delivery Costs
3.2.4. Estimating the Potential Health Impact and Cost Effectiveness
3.3. Describing the Pathway from Development to Delivery
3.3.1. Key Product Characteristics for Decision-Makers
3.3.2. Technical Challenges to the Development MAPs
- Generating immunogenicity data that shows non-inferiority and safety and reactogenicity data that shows comparable or reduced number of adverse events to the current N&S vaccine.
- Determining the correct M and R antigen dosage and developing analytical approaches to verify that an adequate quantity of antigen has been delivered to the patient.
- Improving the understanding of the optimization of bulk MR vaccine production.
- Determining the requirements for an aseptic (aseptic manufacturing is the process in which vaccine drug product and container are produced and combined in a completely sterile, self-contained environment) environment and/or process for manufacturing.
- Designing manufacturing processes using reproduceable methods that adhere to good manufacturing practices (GMP) to produce late-stage MR-MAP clinical trial materials and batch releases.
- Determining whether MR-MAP production will require a semi- or fully automated manufacturing line.
- Determining the thermostability and photostability of the MR vaccine in the MAP and appropriately reflecting it in the dossier, leaflet, etc. Note that the leaflet can also contain information regarding product ingredients.
- Developing regulatory guidance related to the design of MR-MAP clinical trials and at-scale manufacturing processes, including new quality assurance or quality control approaches.
- Conducting post-licensure evaluations (i.e., phase 4 studies) in different settings with variable temperature and humidity to further evaluate MR-MAP effectiveness and consistency.
3.3.3. Conducting a Discounted Cashflow Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. The Global Need for Improved MR Vaccines and the Ability of MR-MAPs to Address the MR Problem Statements
4.2. Estimating the Costs and Benefits of MR-MAPs
4.3. Describing the Pathway from Development to Delivery
4.4. Benefits of the iFVVA
5. Conclusions
5.1. MAP Developers and Vaccine Manufacturers
- Accelerate partnering and collaboration of the development of MR-MAPs, as well as other vaccine-MAPs.
- Build in key programmatic needs in the MAPs development programs, such as minimized COGs, minimized cold chain volume, increased thermostability (CTC and VVM30), and minimized wear time.
- Factor in sustainability directions, including minimizing COGs and exploring the potential for multiple MAP manufacturing facilities/production lines, local manufacturing, and dual market (LMIC, UMIC, and HIC) opportunities.
5.2. Donors and Financiers
- Advance the technical maturity of the MAPs platforms, including the optimizing MAP designs/characteristics and the availability of manufacturing facilities.
- Prove the technical feasibility of MAPs as a vaccine delivery platform to increase commercial sustainability.
- Share upfront cost of MAP developers and vaccine manufacturers, especially development costs, manufacturing investments, and late-stage clinical trials.
- Wxplore cost sharing of MR-MAP development with more commercially attractive vaccine-MAP products (e.g., seasonal influenza, measles-mumps-rubella, measles-mumps-rubella-varicella).
- Continue to refine, qualify, and quantify the commercial value of MR- and other vaccine-MAPs.
5.3. Policy- and Decision-Makers at Global, Regional, and National Levels
- Develop and contribute to WHO Evidence Considerations for Vaccine Policy (ECVP) in identifying additional data requirements for SAGE review and implementation of research questions.⬤
- Identify and prioritize implementation research questions, which will further enrich the existing knowledge and prepare for programmatic introduction. ⬤
- Collaborate with countries, including Gavi-supported and self-procuring countries, to design and conduct post-licensure implementation studies, including those to evaluate MR-MAP’s ability to reach un- and under-vaccinated children, as well as better quantifying potential demand.
- Drive development of global, regional, and national guidance and policies to include MR-MAP into immunization programs and explore potential administration by lesser trained health workers or self-administration, including for HICs to explore the use of MR-MAPs in sustaining MR elimination.
- Support the development of financing policies to support MR-MAP implementation, including Gavi eligibility/co-financing.
- Define use and training needs for MR-MAPs that are potentially used co-currently with MR N&S.
- Refine iFVVA analyses to inform future investment decisions as MR-MAPs continue advancing in their development, including the following:
- (a)
- The use cases to consider programmatic “fit-for-purpose” to inform future vaccination strategies at the subnational level;
- (b)
- The demand estimates, including estimating targeted introduction (e.g., use in a subset of countries/regions and/or use cases or delivery strategies) of MR-MAPs ⬤;
- (c)
- The public health impact and cost effectiveness, for both measles estimates and rubella estimates, informed by implementation research ⬤;
- (d)
- The economic analyses expanding the beyond health opportunity costs to include the value of economic value of productivity gains, socioeconomic equity around improved coverage, environmental sustainability (e.g., CO2 footprint, waste), the impacts of earlier measles and rubella elimination (e.g., the reduced number of measles outbreaks and health system disruptions, reduced need for follow-up campaigns);
- (e)
- The DCF analysis to revise the commercial viability and identify potential market-shaping interventions.
- Design a risk-sharing mechanism for MAP development, scale-up, and implementation in LMICs to balance the financial pressure on developers and manufacturers, such as demand guarantees or a price top-up.
- Support potential partnerships between MAP developers and vaccine manufacturers.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# | Name | Presentation(s) Modeled | Adoption Timing of MR-MAPs | Coverage Assumption Used | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/S | MAPs | No Weighting | Countries in Greatest Need Introduce Earlier | High | Low | ||
1 | No MR-MAPs with coverage increases | x | x | ||||
2 | No MR-MAPs with stagnant coverage | x | x | ||||
3 | MR-MAPs available with coverage increases | x | x | x | x | ||
4 | MR-MAPs available with stagnant coverage | x | x | x | x | ||
5 | MR-MAPs are implemented in countries with greatest need with coverage increases | x | x | x | x | ||
6 | MR-MAPs are implemented in countries with greatest need with stagnant coverage | x | x | x | x |
MR Vaccine | N&S | MAP | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Dose | 5-Dose | 10-Dose | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | |
Estimated price per dose 2 | $2.48 | $0.90 | $0.72 | $1.29 | $1.29 | $2.11 | $2.92 |
Doses per vial | 1 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Volume of the vaccine per dose (cm3), primary and secondary packaging | 21.09 | 4.218 | 2.109 | 3 | 20 | 8 | 3 |
Human resource time use (in seconds) for vaccine administration | 48 | 35 | 21 | 20 | 200 | 120 | 20 |
RI vaccine wastage rate | 5% | 15% | 40% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
SIA vaccine wastage rate | 1% | 10% | 10% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
Volume of diluent per dose (cm3) | 12.53 | 5.48 | 3.14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Variable | Base Case | Scenarios Modelled |
---|---|---|
Vaccine demand [17] |
|
|
Market prices for MR-MAPs |
| Higher estimated MR-MAP prices were used: Gavi: $2.92 Self-procuring LMIC: $3.36 UMIC: $5.20 HIC: $20.64 |
COGS |
| $0.90 and declines to $0.70 starting in Year 6 Upper bound of $1.40 |
Clinical development cost |
| Phase I: Fully financed by the donor Phase II: $16.8 million Phase III: $45.5 million |
Manufacturing facility investment |
| A required investment of $30 million for scale up to 100 million dose capacity (fill and finish only) A required investment of $37.5 million for a small-scale plant and $173 million for expansion to 100 million dose capacity (including drug substance) |
Hurdle rate (Ibid) |
| 18% |
MR MDV (A) |
Hep B Price Differential (B) |
MR SDV C = A + (A × B) |
PCV Price Differential D |
MR PFS E = C + (C × D) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower bound | $0.58 | 122% | $1.29 | 110% | $2.70 |
Upper bound | $0.72 | $1.60 | $3.36 |
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Ko, M.; Frivold, C.; Mvundura, M.; Soble, A.; Gregory, C.; Christiansen, H.; Hasso-Agopsowicz, M.; Fu, H.; Jit, M.; Hsu, S.; et al. An Application of an Initial Full Value of Vaccine Assessment Methodology to Measles-Rubella MAPs for Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Vaccines 2024, 12, 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12091075
Ko M, Frivold C, Mvundura M, Soble A, Gregory C, Christiansen H, Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Fu H, Jit M, Hsu S, et al. An Application of an Initial Full Value of Vaccine Assessment Methodology to Measles-Rubella MAPs for Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Vaccines. 2024; 12(9):1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12091075
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Melissa, Collrane Frivold, Mercy Mvundura, Adam Soble, Christopher Gregory, Hans Christiansen, Mateusz Hasso-Agopsowicz, Han Fu, Mark Jit, Shan Hsu, and et al. 2024. "An Application of an Initial Full Value of Vaccine Assessment Methodology to Measles-Rubella MAPs for Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries" Vaccines 12, no. 9: 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12091075