The Clinical Effectiveness of Single-Dose Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Study Selection
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Data Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
Endpoint/ Vaccine/Author | Country | Study Design | Gender | Number of Population in Each Group | Participant Age | Follow-Up Duration | Case Definition | Assignment of Dose Number | Buffer Periods (Months) | Sensitivity Analyses by Age Group /Buffer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccination | Outcome | ||||||||||
Cervical HPV infection | |||||||||||
Bivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Kreimer 2011 [21] | Costa Rica | Post-hoc analysis of RCT (CVT) | Women | 0: 3578 1: 196 2 (months 0, 1 /0, 6): 422 3 (months 0, 1, 6): 2957 | 18–25 | 18–29 | 4 years | Persistent infection for 6/12 months: HPV 16/18 | Final status | 6 | ——a |
Kavanagh 2014 [17] | Scotland | Cross-sectional study using screening registry data | Women | 0: 3418 1: 55 2: 106 3: 1100 | 12–13 | 20–21 | —— | (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 31/33/45 (3) HPV35/39/51/52/56/58/59 (4) Any HPV type | Final status | 0 | —— |
Kreimer 2015 [21] | Costa Rica | Retrospective cohort study (Combined CVT and PATRICIA data) | Women | 1: case: 292 control: 251 2 (months 0, 1/0, 6): case: 611 control: 574 3 (months 0, 1, 6): case: 11,110 control: 11,217 | 15–25 | 15–29 | 4 years | Incident and persistent infection for 6/12 months: (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 31/33/45 | Final status | 6 | —— |
Cuschieri 2016 [22] | Scotland | Cross-sectional study using screening registry data | women | 0: 3619 1: 177 2: 300 3: 1853 | 15–17 | 20–21 | —— | (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 31/33/45 | Final status | 0 | —— |
Kavanagh 2017 [27] | Scotland | Cross-sectional study using screening registry data | women | 0: 4008 1: 223 2: 391 3: 3962 | 12–≥18 | 20–21 | —— | (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 31/33/45 (3) HPV35/39/51/52/56/58/59 (4) Any HPV type | Final status | 0 | —— |
Safaeian 2018 [32] | Costa Rica | Post-hoc analysis of RCT (CVT) | Women | 0: 2382 1: 134 2 (months 0, 1): 193 2 (months 0, 6): 79 3 (months 0, 1, 6): 2043 | 18–25 | 18–32 | 7 years | Year 7 prevalent HPV infection (an infection detected at year 7): (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 31/33/45 (3) HPV 35/39/51/52/56/58/59 (4) Non-carcinogenic HPV | Final status | 12 | —— |
Kreimer 2020 [43] | Costa Rica | Post-hoc analysis of RCT (CVT) | Women | 0: 1783 1: 112 2 (months 0, 6): 62 3 (months 0, 1, 6): 1365 | 18–25 | 18–37 | 12 years | Incident HPV infection (an infection detected at year 11 but not detected at the year or prevalent HPV infection (an infection detected at years 9 and 11: (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 35/39/51/52/56/58/59 (3) Non-carcinogenic HPV | Final status | 0 | —— |
Barnabas 2022 [50] | Kenya | Randomized controlled trial | Women | 0: 473 1: 489 | 15–20 | 15–22 | 18 months | Persistent HPV for ≥4 months: HPV 16/18 | Final status | 3, 6 | Buffer |
Barnabas 2023 [51] | Kenya | Randomized controlled trial | Women | 0: 473 1: 489 | 15–20 | 15–23 | 3 years | Persistent HPV for ≥4 months: HPV 16/18 | Final status | 3, 6 | Buffer |
Quadrivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Sankaranarayanan 2016 [25] | India | Prospective cohort study | Women | 1: 870 2 (days 1, 60): 717 2 (days 1, ≥180): 526 3 (days 1, 60, ≥180): 536 | 10–18 | 10–22 | 4 years | Incident and persistent infection for ≥12 months: (1) HPV 16 (2) HPV 18 (3) HPV 16/18 (4) HPV 6/11 (5) HPV 6/11/16/18 (6) HPV 31/33/35 (7) HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/35 | Final status | 0 | —— |
Sankaranarayanan 2018 [33] | India | Prospective cohort study | Women | 0: 1141 1: 604 2 (days 1, 60): 608 2 (days 1, ≥180): 818 3 (days 1, 60, ≥180): 959 | 10–18 | 10–25 | 7 years | Persistent infection for ≥12 months: (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 31/33/35 (3) Non-vaccine targeted HPV | Final status | 0 | —— |
Sonawane 2019 [39] | United States | Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample | Women | 0: 1004 1: 106 2: 126 3: 384 | ≤26 | 18–26 | —— | (1) HPV 6/11/16/18 (2) HPV 31/33/45 (3) HPV 35/39/51/55/56/58/59/68 | Final status | 0 | —— |
Markowitz 2020 [44] | United States | Cross-sectional study of women enrolled in an integrated health-care delivery system | Women | 0: 1052 1: 303 2: 304 3: 2610 | ≤29 | 20–29 | —— | (1) HPV 6/11/16/18 (2) Non-4vHPV (3) HPV 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51 /52/56/58/59/66/68 (4) HPV 31/33/45 | Final status | 1 | Age group |
Batmunkh 2020 [41] | Mongolia | Retrospective cohort study | Women | 0: 357 1: 118 | 11–17 | 16–26 | 6 years | (1) HPV 16 (2) HPV 18 (3) HPV 16/18 (4) Any HPV (5) HPV 35/39/51/52/56/58/59/68 (6) HPV 16 + other type/18 + other type/16 + 18 + other type | Final status | 0 | —— |
Basu 2021 [49] | India | Prospective cohort study | Women | 0: 1479 1: 2858 2: 2166 3: 2019 | 10–18 | 10–28 | 10 years | Incident and persistent infections for ≥10 months: (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 6/11/16/18 (3) HPV 31/33/35 (4) Any HPV | Final status | 1 | —— |
Reyburn 2023 [53] | Fiji | Retrospective cohort study | Women | 0: 376 1: 158 2: 99 3: 189 | 15–23 | 15–34 | 6–11 years | (1) HPV 16/18/31/33/35/39/45 /51/52/56/58/59/66/68; (2) HPV 16/18 (3) HPV 6/11 (4) HPV 31/33/35/39/45/51/52 /56/58/59/66/68 (5) HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 (6) HPV 6/11/31/33/45/52/58 | Final status | 0 | —— |
Nonavalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Barnabas 2022 [50] | Kenya | Randomized controlled trial | Women | 0: 473 1: 496 | 15–20 | 15–22 | 18 months | Persistent HPV infection for ≥4 months: (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58 | Final status | 3, 6 | Buffer |
Barnabas 2023 [51] | Kenya | Randomized controlled trial | Women | 0: 473 1: 496 | 15–20 | 15–23 | 3 years | Persistent HPV infection for ≥4 months: (1) HPV 16/18 (2) HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58 (3) HPV 31/33/45 | Final status | 3, 6 | Buffer |
Penile, scrotal, or anal HPV infection in men | |||||||||||
Quadrivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Widdice 2019 [40] | United States | Cross-sectional study | Men | 0: 471 1: 58 2: 37 3: 143 | Attained vaccine in 2013–2014: 16.2 (mean); attained vaccine in 2016–2017: 15.1 (mean) | 13–26 | —— | HPV 6/11/16/18 | Final status | 0 | —— |
Oral HPV infection in women | |||||||||||
Quadrivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Gheit 2023 [52] | India | Retrospective cohort study | Women | 0: 179 1: 204 2 (days 1 and 60): 101 3 (days 1 and 180): 190 3:(days 1, 60, and 180): 323 | 10–18 | 18–25 | —— | (1) HPV 16 (2) HPV 18 (3) HPV 16/18 (4) HPV 6/11/16/18 (5) Non-HPV 6/11/16/18 (6) Any HPV | Final status | 0 | —— |
Cervical abnormalities | |||||||||||
Bivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Pollock 2014 [18] | Scotland | Retrospective cohort study using linked national registry data | Women | 0: 76,114 1: 1315 2: 2725 3: 25,898 | 15–>18 | 20–21 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3 (2) CIN2 (3) CIN1 | Final status | 0 | —— |
Cameron 2017 [26] | Scotland | Retrospective cohort study using linked national registry data | Women | 0: 75,683 1: 2258 2: 4462 3: 55,303 | 14–>18 | 20–21 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3 (2) CIN2 (3) CIN1 | Final status | 0 | —— |
Palmer 2019 [38] | Scotland | Retrospective cohort study using linked national registry data | Women | 0: 64,026 1: 2051 2: 4135 3: 68,480 | 12–>18 | 20 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3+ (2) CIN2 (3) CIN1 Cytology: (1) high grade dyskaryosis/HSIL-H borderline/ASCUS (2) moderate dyskaryosis/HSIL-M (3) low grade dyskaryosis/LSIL (4) borderline/ASCUS | Final status | 0 | —— |
Martellucci 2021 [47] | Italy | Retrospective cohort study using administrative data | Women | 0: 7394 1: 212 2: 83 3: 96 | 14–>30 | 17–32 | —— | Cytology: (1) HSIL (2) LSIL | Final status | 1, 6, 12 | Buffer |
Quadrivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Gertig 2013 [14] | Australia | Retrospective cohort study using linked data from registries | Women | 0: 14,085 1: 1422 2: 2268 3: 21,151 | 12–19 | 12–21 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3/AIS (2) CIN2+/AIS (3) CIN2 (4) CIN1 Cytology: (1) High grade (possible HSIL, HSIL, HSIL with possible microinvasion/invasion, squamous cell carcinoma, possible high-grade endocervical glandular lesion, AIS, AIS with possible microinvasion/invasion and adenocarcinoma) (2) Low grade (possible LSIL, LSIL and atypical endocervical cells of uncertain significance) | Time-dependent; final status | 0 | —— |
Crowe 2014 [15] | Australia | Case-control study using linked data from registries | Women | 0: 60,282 1: 10,879 2: 12,073 3: 25,119 | 12–26 | 11–31 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN2+/AIS (2) Other cases (either a low-grade abnormality at histology or an abnormal cytology result that was not confirmed by histology) | Final status | 0, 1, 6, 12 | Age group, buffer |
Brotherton 2015 [11] | Australia | Retrospective cohort study using linked regional data registries | Women | 0: 133,055 1: 20,659 2: 27,500 3: 108,264 | 12–26 | 12–30 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3/AIS, (2) CIN2+ (3) CIN2 Cytology: (1)high grade (possible HSIL, HSIL, HSIL with possible microinvasion/invasion, squamous cell carcinoma, possible high-grade endocervical glandular lesion, AIS, AIS with possible microinvasion/invasion and adenocarcinoma) (2) low grade (possible LSIL, LSIL) | Final status | 0, 1, 6, 12, 24 | Age group, buffer |
Hofstetter 2016 [23] | United States | Retrospective cohort study using medical center records | Women | 0: 1632 1: 695 2: 604 3: 1196 | 11–20 | 11–27 | —— | Cytology: Any abnormal (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, atypical glandular cells, atypical squamous cells cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) | Final status | 1 | Age group |
Kim 2016 [24] | Canada | Nested case-control study using linked data from registries | Women | 0: 5712 1: 327 2: 490 ≥3: 3675 | 10–15 | 18–21 | —— | Cytology: (1) High grade (ASC-H or HSIL) (2) Low grade (ASC-US or LSIL) (3) Abnormal (ASC-US, LSIL, ASC-H or HSIL) | Final status | 0 | —— |
Silverberg 2018 [34] | United States | Nested case-control study of women enrolled in an integrated health-care delivery system | Women | 0: 23,293 1: 756 2: 554 ≥3: 1527 | 14–26 | 18–34 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3+ (2) CIN2+ | Final status | 6 | —— |
Dehlendorff 2018 [30] | Denmark & Sweden | Retrospective cohort study using linked national registry data | Women | 0: 2,091,579 1: NA 2: NA 3: NA | 13–29 | 13–30 | —— | Histology: CIN2+ | Time- dependent | 0 | Age group |
Brotherton 2019 [37] | Australia | Retrospective cohort study using linked regional data registries | Women | 0: 48,845 1: 8618 2: 18,190 3: 174,995 | ≤13–22 | 15–22 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3/AIS + histopathology (2) CIN2+/AIS | Final status | 0, 12, 24 | Buffer |
Verdoodt 2020 [46] | Denmark | Retrospective cohort study using linked national registry data | Women | 0: 374,327 1: 10,480 2: 30,259 3: 174,532 | 12–16 | 17–25 | —— | Histology: (1) CIN3+ (2) CIN2+ | Time- dependent | 0, 6 in secondary analysis | Age group |
Johns 2020 [42] | United States | Case-control study using medical records data | Women | 0: 2731 1: 136 2: 108 3: 325 | 12–26 | 18–39 | —— | Histology: CIN2+ | Final status | 1, 12, 24, 36 | Buffer |
Rodriguez 2020 [45] | United States | Retrospective matched cohort study using health insurance claims database | Women | 0: 66,541 1: 13,630 2: 14,088 ≥3: 38,823 | 9–26 | 9–31 | —— | Histology: CIN2/3 Cytology: high-grade (HSIL/ASC-H) | Final status | 12 | Age group, dose interval, history and results of pap test |
Genital warts | |||||||||||
Bivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Navarro- Illana 2017 [28] | Spain | Retrospective cohort study using national health registries | Women | 0: 607,006 1: 18,142 2: 31,420 3: 153,296 | 14 | 14–19 | —— | Genital warts (ICD9-CM code 078.11) | Time- dependent | 0 | —— |
Quadrivalent vaccine | |||||||||||
Herweijer 2014 [16] | Sweden | Retrospective cohort study using population-based health registries | Women | 0: 1,045,157 1: 115,197 2: 107,338 3: 89,836 | 10–19 | 10–24 | —— | Genital warts (ICD-10 code A63.0 or podophyllotoxin/imiquimod prescription) | Time- dependent | 0–12 | Age group |
Blomberg 2015 [19] | Denmark | Retrospective cohort study using national health registries | Women | 0: 188,956 1: 55,666 2: 93,519 3: 212,549 | 12–27 | 12–27 | —— | Genital warts (ICD-10 code A63.0 or podophyllotoxin prescription) | Time- dependent | 1 | —— |
Dominiak- Felden 2015 [30] | Belgium | Retrospective cohort study using sick-fund/insurance reimbursement database | Women | 0: 63,180 1: 4020 2: 3587 3: 35,792 | 10–22 | 16–22 | —— | Genital warts (reimbursement of imiquimod) | Time- dependent | 1 | —— |
Perkins 2017 [29] | United States | Retrospective cohort study using commercial claims database | Women | 0: 201,933 1: 30,438 2: 36,583 3: 118,962 | 9–25 | 9–25 | —— | Genital warts (ICD-9 and CPT codes and prescriptions) | Final status | 0 | —— |
Navarro- Illana 2017 [28] | Spain | Retrospective cohort study using national health registries | Women | 0: 607,006 1: 18,142 2: 31,420 3: 153,296 | 14 | 14–19 | —— | Genital warts (ICD-9-CM code 078.11) | Time- dependent | 0 | —— |
Hariri 2018 [31] | United States | Retrospective cohort study in integrated health-care delivery systems | Women | 0: 31,563 1: 5864 2: 5459 3: 21,631 | 16–17 (mean) | 11–28 | —— | Genital warts (ICD-9 code 078.10, 078.11, 078.19, specialty of diagnosing provider, and sexually transmitted infection tests ordered) | Final status | 6 from last dose 12 from first dose | Buffer |
Zeybek 2018 [36] | United States | Matched retrospective cohort study using health insurance claims databases | Men and women | 0: 286,963 1: 54,280 2: 55,632 3: 177,051 | 9–26 | 10–31 | 5 years | Genital warts (ICD-9-CM or 10 code 078.11 or A63.0) | Final status | 3 from the last dose | Age group |
Willows 2018 [54] | Canada | Matched retrospective cohort study using linked vaccine registry and claims and population-based databases | Women | 0: 94,327 1: 3521 2: 6666 3: 21,277 | 9–26 | 10–33 | —— | Genital warts (ICD-9-CM or 10 code 078.11 or A63.0 and related procedure code) | Final status | 0 | Age group |
Baandrup 2021 [48] | Denmark | Retrospective cohort study using population-based health national registries | Women | 0: 1,904,895 1: 235,653 2: 460,978 3: 1,934,589 (person-yrs) | 12–30 | 12–30 | —— | Genital warts (ICD-10 code A63.0 or podophyllotoxin prescription) | Time- dependent | 1 | Age group, maternal educational level |
Reyburn 2023 [53] | Fiji | Retrospective cohort study | Women | 0: 376 1: 158 2: 99 3: 189 | 15–23 | 15–34 | 6–11 years | Genital warts (confirmed by the midwife and antenatal clinic obstetric doctor) | Final status | 0 | —— |
3.2. Cervical HPV Infection in Women
3.2.1. Bivalent Vaccine
3.2.2. Quadrivalent Vaccine
3.2.3. Nonavalent Vaccine
3.3. Other HPV Infection
3.3.1. Penile, Scrotal, or Anal HPV Infection in Men
3.3.2. Oral HPV Infection in Women
3.4. Cervical Histological and Cytological Abnormalities in Women
3.4.1. Bivalent Vaccine
3.4.2. Quadrivalent Vaccine
3.5. Genital Warts in Women and Men
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bao, W.; He, X.; Huang, Y.; Liu, R.; Li, Z. The Clinical Effectiveness of Single-Dose Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Vaccines 2024, 12, 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090956
Bao W, He X, Huang Y, Liu R, Li Z. The Clinical Effectiveness of Single-Dose Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Vaccines. 2024; 12(9):956. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090956
Chicago/Turabian StyleBao, Wanying, Xinlin He, Yue Huang, Rongyu Liu, and Zhengyu Li. 2024. "The Clinical Effectiveness of Single-Dose Human Papillomavirus Vaccination" Vaccines 12, no. 9: 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090956