Endurance Exercise Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Inflammation in BALB/c Mice Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Ethical Approval
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Immunization
2.4. Treadmill Exercise Training and Maximal Running Speed
2.5. Treadmill Exhaustion Test
2.6. Euthanasia and Tissue Collection
2.7. Organ Baths
2.8. Histology and Immunohistochemistry
2.9. Cardiac Hypertrophy
2.10. Plasma Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI)
2.11. RNA Extraction
2.12. Reverse-Transcription Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
2.13. Flow Cytometry and Intracellular Cytokine Staining
2.14. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Induced a Mild and Transient Decline in Body Weight
3.2. Exercise Training Induced Physiologic Cardiac Remodeling
3.3. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Elicited Robust Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses
3.4. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Increased the Occurrence of Minimal Hepatic Inflammation
3.5. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination, Alone or Combined with Exercise Training, Did Not Induce Cardiac Inflammation or Cell Loss upon Histopathological Examination
3.6. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Upregulated Cardiac Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression, Regardless of Exercise Status
3.7. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Caused Subtle Alterations in Vascular Reactivity
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE2 | ace-converting enzyme 2 |
ACh | acetylcholine |
COVID-19 | coronavirus disease 2019 |
cTnI | cardiac troponin I |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
GAPDH | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
HE | hematoxylin and eosin |
ICAM-1 | intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
IFNγ | interferon gamma |
IL-1β | interleukin-1 beta |
IL-4 | interleukin-4 |
IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
LNP | lipid nanoparticles |
mRNA | messenger RNA |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
PE | phenylephrine |
PMA | phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate |
RT-qPCR | reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
TNFα | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
VCAM-1 | vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 |
Vmax | maximal velocity |
β-Actin | beta-actin |
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Eens, S.; Van Hecke, M.; Van den Bogaert, S.; Favere, K.; Cools, N.; Fransen, E.; Roskams, T.; Heidbuchel, H.; Guns, P.-J. Endurance Exercise Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Inflammation in BALB/c Mice Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines 2024, 12, 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090966
Eens S, Van Hecke M, Van den Bogaert S, Favere K, Cools N, Fransen E, Roskams T, Heidbuchel H, Guns P-J. Endurance Exercise Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Inflammation in BALB/c Mice Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines. 2024; 12(9):966. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090966
Chicago/Turabian StyleEens, Sander, Manon Van Hecke, Siel Van den Bogaert, Kasper Favere, Nathalie Cools, Erik Fransen, Tania Roskams, Hein Heidbuchel, and Pieter-Jan Guns. 2024. "Endurance Exercise Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Inflammation in BALB/c Mice Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination" Vaccines 12, no. 9: 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090966