Parental Hesitancy toward Seasonal Influenza Vaccination for Children under the Age of 18 Years and Its Determinants in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Cross-Sectional Survey among 1175 Parents in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants and Data Collection
2.3. Sample Size Planning
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Development of the Questionnaire
2.4.2. Background Characteristics
2.4.3. SIV Uptake and Hesitancy
2.4.4. Variables at the Individual Level
2.4.5. Independent Variables at the Interpersonal Level
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Background Characteristics
3.2. SIV Uptake and Hesitancy
3.3. Independent Variables of Interest at the Individual and Interpersonal Levels
3.4. Factors Associated with Parental Hesitancy toward SIV for the Index Child
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Perceived Susceptibility | Perceived Severity Scale | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Information Exposure on Social Media | OR (95%CI) | p Value | OR (95%CI) | p Value | |
Frequency of exposure to the following information on social media platforms (e.g., WeChat moments, Weibo, Tiktok, Red) in the past month | |||||
Testimonials given by parents about their children’s severe symptoms following seasonal influenza or other upper respiratory infection | 2.20 (2.11, 2.83) | <0.001 | 7.30 (7.09, 7.50) | <0.001 | |
Difficulties in seeking medical treatments for influenza or other upper respiratory infections for children | 2.17 (2.08, 2.26) | <0.001 | 7.12 (6.90, 7.33) | <0.001 | |
Increasing number of patients in the hospitals due to influenza or other upper respiratory infections | 2.26 (2.17, 2.35) | <0.001 | 7.19 (7.00, 7.42) | <0.001 | |
Increasing number of severe cases of influenza or other upper respiratory infections | 2.22 (2.13, 2.31) | <0.001 | 7.31 (7.09, 7.53) | <0.001 |
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Characteristics | All Participants (n = 1175) | Mothers (n = 526) | Fathers (n = 649) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Characteristics of the parents | ||||
Age group, years | ||||
18–25 | 294 (25.0) | 64 (12.2) | 230 (35.4) | <0.001 |
26–30 | 242 (20.6) | 112 (21.3) | 130 (20.0) | |
31–35 | 308 (26.2) | 176 (33.5) | 132 (20.3) | |
36–53 | 331 (28.2) | 174 (33.0) | 157 (24.3) | |
Sex assigned at birth | ||||
Male | 649 (55.2) | 0 (0.0) | 649 (100.0) | N.A. |
Female | 526 (44.8) | 526 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Ethnic group | ||||
Han | 1101 (93.7) | 485 (92.2) | 616 (94.9) | 0.06 |
Others | 74 (6.3) | 41 (7.8) | 33 (5.1) | |
Permanent residents of Shenzhen | ||||
No | 775 (66.0) | 387 (73.6) | 388 (59.8) | <0.001 |
Yes | 400 (34.0) | 139 (26.4) | 261 (40.2) | |
Education level | ||||
Junior high school or below | 174 (14.8) | 87 (16.5) | 87 (13.4) | 0.27 |
Senior high school or equivalent | 256 (21.8) | 290 (55.2) | 361 (55.6) | |
College and above | 745 (63.4) | 149 (28.3) | 201 (31.0) | |
Monthly personal income, CNY (USD) | ||||
<5000 (694) | 637 (54.2) | 334 (63.5) | 303 (46.7) | <0.001 |
5000–6999 (694–972) | 394 (33.6) | 161 (30.6) | 233 (35.9) | |
7000–9999 (972–1389) | 85 (7.2) | 17 (3.2) | 68 (10.5) | |
>10,000 (1389) | 59 (5.0) | 14 (2.7) | 45 (6.9) | |
Type of work | ||||
Frontline workers | 783 (66.6) | 304 (57.8) | 479 (73.8) | <0.001 |
Management staff | 392 (33.4) | 222 (42.2) | 170 (26.2) | |
History of confirmed COVID-19 infection | ||||
No | 181 (15.4) | 91 (17.3) | 90 (13.9) | 0.11 |
Yes | 994 (84.6) | 435 (82.7) | 559 (86.1) | |
Confirmed seasonal influenza infection in the past six months | ||||
No | 841 (71.6) | 412 (78.3) | 429 (66.1) | <0.001 |
Yes | 334 (28.4) | 114 (21.7) | 220 (33.9) | |
Other confirmed upper respiratory infections in the past six months | ||||
No | 914 (77.8) | 444 (84.4) | 470 (72.4) | <0.001 |
Yes | 261 (22.2) | 82 (15.6) | 179 (27.6) | |
Number of doses of COVID-19 vaccination received by the participants | ||||
0 | 70 (6.0) | 32 (6.1) | 38 (5.9) | 0.005 |
1 | 98 (8.3) | 32 (6.1) | 66 (10.2) | |
2 | 251 (21.4) | 96 (18.3) | 155 (23.9) | |
3 | 703 (59.8) | 344 (65.4) | 359 (55.3) | |
4 | 39 (3.3) | 18 (3.3) | 21 (3.2) | |
5 | 14 (1.2) | 4 (0.8) | 10 (1.5) | |
Characteristics of the index child | ||||
Age of index child, years | ||||
<4 | 252 (21.4) | 101 (19.2) | 151(23.3) | 0.30 |
4–6 | 233 (19.8) | 110 (20.9) | 123 (19.0) | |
7–12 | 520 (44.3) | 242 (46.0) | 278 (42.8) | |
13–17 | 170 (14.5) | 73 (13.9) | 97 (14.9) | |
History of confirmed COVID-19 infection | ||||
No | 324 (27.6) | 163 (31.0) | 161 (24.8) | 0.02 |
Yes | 851 (72.4) | 363 (69.0) | 488 (75.2) | |
Confirmed seasonal influenza infection in the past six months | ||||
No | 851 (72.4) | 397 (75.5) | 454 (70.0) | 0.04 |
Yes | 324 (27.6) | 129 (24.5) | 195 (30.0) | |
Other confirmed upper respiratory infections in the past six months | ||||
No | 813 (69.2) | 386 (73.4) | 427 (65.8) | 0.005 |
Yes | 362 (30.8) | 140 (26.6) | 222 (34.2) |
All Participants (n = 1175) (%) | Mothers (n = 526) | Fathers (n = 649) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Hesitancy to receive seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) | ||||
The index children had received SIV for the incoming flu season | ||||
No | 776 (66.0) | 343 (65.2) | 433 (66.7) | 0.59 |
Yes | 399 (34.0) | 183 (34.8) | 216 (33.3) | |
Likelihood of vaccinating the index child against seasonal influenza in the next year (among 776 participants whose index child had not received SIV for the incoming flu season) | ||||
Very unlikely/unlikely/neutral | 436 (56.2) | 168 (49.0) | 268 (61.9) | 0.008 |
Likely/very likely | 340 (43.8) | 175 (51.0) | 165 (38.1) | |
Parental hesitancy toward SIV for the index child | ||||
No | 739 (62.9) | 358 (68.1) | 381 (58.7) | <0.001 |
Yes | 436 (37.1) | 168 (31.9) | 268 (41.3) | |
Participants had received SIV for the incoming flu season | ||||
No | 883 (75.1) | 443 (84.2) | 440 (67.8) | <0.001 |
Yes | 292 (24.9) | 83 (15.8) | 209 (32.2) | |
Likelihood of receiving SIV in the next year (among 883 participants who had not received SIV for the incoming flu season) | ||||
Very unlikely/unlikely/neutral | 566 (64.1) | 172 (50.1) | 294 (66.8) | 0.07 |
Likely/very likely | 317 (35.9) | 171 (49.9) | 146 (33.2) | |
Parents’ hesitancy to receive SIV | ||||
No | 609 (51.8) | 254 (48.3) | 355 (54.7) | 0.03 |
Yes | 566 (48.2) | 272 (51.7) | 294 (45.3) | |
Individual-level factors | ||||
Satisfaction of governmental health promotion materials | ||||
Satisfaction of seasonal influenza vaccination health promotional materials (e.g., advertisement, poster, and others) produced by the government, agree | ||||
Can offer the appropriate amount of information related to seasonal influenza vaccination | 621 (52.9) | 316 (60.1) | 305 (47.0) | <0.001 |
Can address your concerns related to seasonal influenza vaccination | 575 (48.9) | 251 (47.7) | 324 (49.9) | <0.001 |
Helpful for you to make the decision on whether to receive seasonal influenza vaccination | 601 (51.1) | 272 (51.7) | 329 (50.7) | <0.001 |
Satisfaction with Health Promotional Materials Scale a, mean (SD) | 6.9 (1.8) | 7.2 (1.7) | 6.7 (1.9) | <0.001 |
Perceptions related to SIV | ||||
Perceived susceptibility to seasonal influenza for the index children, agree | ||||
The index child has a high chance of contracting seasonal influenza | 494 (42.0) | 199 (37.8) | 295 (45.5) | <0.001 |
Item score, mean (SD) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.9) | 0.99 |
Perceived severity of seasonal influenza for the index child, agree | ||||
The index child will have severe symptoms due to seasonal influenza infection (e.g., persistent cough, fever, pneumonia) | 579 (49.3) | 243 (46.2) | 336 (51.8) | <0.001 |
Seasonal influenza will have a significant negative impact on your index child’s academic performance | 688 (58.6) | 312 (59.3) | 376 (57.9) | <0.001 |
Taking care of the index child with seasonal influenza will have a significant negative impact on your work and income | 713 (60.7) | 323 (61.4) | 390 (60.1) | <0.001 |
Perceived Severity Scale b, mean (SD) | 7.1 (2.0) | 7.2 (1.8) | 7.0 (2.1) | 0.03 |
Perceived benefits of SIV for the index child, agree | ||||
SIV is highly effective in protecting the index child against seasonal influenza | 732 (62.3) | 325 (61.8) | 407 (62.7) | <0.001 |
SIV is highly effective in reducing the index child’s risk of having severe consequences following seasonal influenza infection | 690 (58.7) | 317 (60.3) | 373 (57.5) | <0.001 |
Perceived Benefit Scale c, mean (SD) | 4.9 (1.4) | 5.0 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Perceived barriers to have the index child received SIV, agree | ||||
The index child will have severe side effects after receiving SIV | 449 (38.2) | 178 (33.8) | 271 (41.8) | <0.001 |
Other methods (e.g., mask-wearing) are sufficient to protect the index children against seasonal influenza | 723 (61.5) | 326 (62.0) | 397 (61.2) | <0.001 |
The location and time to receive SIV are not convenient for you | 511 (43.5) | 202 (38.4) | 309 (47.6) | <0.001 |
Perceived Barrier Scale d, mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.9) | 6.7 (1.7) | 6.7 (2.0) | 0.57 |
Cue to action related to SIV for the index child, agree | ||||
Your significant others (e.g., doctors, friends, and families) suggested you vaccinate the index child against seasonal influenza | 683 (58.1) | 310 (58.9) | 373 (57.5) | <0.001 |
Item score, mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.8) | 0.003 |
Perceived self-efficacy related to SIV for the index child, agree | ||||
It is easy for you to vaccinate the index child against seasonal influenza if you want to | 699 (59.9) | 326 (62.0) | 373 (57.5) | <0.001 |
Item score, mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Index child’s use of personal preventive measures | ||||
Index child’s frequency of wearing masks in public transportation in the past month | ||||
Never/not applicable | 64 (5.4) | 32 (6.1) | 32 (4.9) | <0.001 |
Sometimes | 335 (28.5) | 190 (36.1) | 145 (22.3) | |
Always | 399 (34.0) | 150 (28.5) | 249 (38.4) | |
Every time | 377 (32.1) | 154 (29.3) | 223 (34.4) | |
Item score, mean (SD) | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.9) | <0.001 |
Index child’s frequency of wearing masks at schools in the past month | ||||
Never/not applicable | 150 (12.8) | 88 (16.7) | 62 (9.6) | <.001 |
Sometimes | 372 (31.7) | 205 (39.0) | 167 (25.7) | |
Always | 353 (30.0) | 129 (24.5) | 224 (34.5) | |
Every time | 300 (25.5) | 104 (19.8) | 196 (30.2) | |
Item score, mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Interpersonal-level factors | ||||
Frequency of exposure to the following information on social media platforms (e.g., WeChat moments, Weibo, Tiktok, Red) in the past month | ||||
Testimonials given by parents about their children’s severe symptoms following seasonal influenza or other upper respiratory infection | ||||
Item score, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 0.07 |
Almost none | 235 (20.0) | 103 (19.6) | 132 (20.3) | |
Seldom | 267 (22.7) | 106 (20.2) | 161 (24.8) | |
Sometimes | 429 (36.5) | 194 (36.9) | 235 (36.2) | |
Always | 244 (20.8) | 123 (23.4) | 121 (18.6) | 0.11 |
Difficulties in seeking medical treatments for influenza or other upper respiratory infections for children | ||||
Item score, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.005 |
Almost none | 201 (17.1) | 89 (16.9) | 112 (17.3) | |
Seldom | 289 (24.6) | 108 (20.5) | 181 (27.9) | |
Sometimes | 437 (37.2) | 194 (36.9) | 243 (37.4) | |
Always | 248 (21.1) | 135 (25.7) | 113 (17.4) | 0.001 |
Increasing number of patients in the hospitals due to influenza or other upper respiratory infections | ||||
Item score, mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Almost none | 179 (15.2) | 73 (13.9) | 106 (16.3) | |
Seldom | 241 (20.5) | 80 (15.2) | 161 (24.8) | |
Sometimes | 404 (34.4) | 174 (33.1) | 230 (35.4) | |
Always | 351 (29.9) | 199 (37.8) | 152 (23.4) | <0.001 |
Increasing number of severe cases of influenza or other upper respiratory infections | ||||
Item score, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.004 |
Almost none | 179 (15.2) | 75 (14.3) | 104 (16.0) | |
Seldom | 290 (24.7) | 114 (21.7) | 176 (27.1) | |
Sometimes | 454 (38.6) | 202 (38.4) | 252 (38.8) | |
Always | 252 (21.5) | 135 (25.7) | 117 (18.0) | 0.007 |
Thoughtful consideration about veracity of information specific to SIV in the past month | ||||
Item score, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.0) | 0.04 |
Almost none | 180 (15.3) | 81 (15.4) | 99 (15.3) | |
Seldom | 260 (22.1) | 98 (18.6) | 162 (25.0) | |
Sometimes | 455 (38.7) | 205 (39.0) | 250 (38.5) | |
Always | 280 (23.8) | 142 (27.0) | 138 (21.3) | 0.03 |
Characteristics | All Participants (n = 1175) | Mothers (n = 526) | Fathers (n = 649) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p Value | OR (95%CI) | p Value | OR (95%CI) | p Value | |
Characteristics of the parents | ||||||
Age group, years | ||||||
18–25 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
26–30 | 0.50 (0.35, 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.33, 1.15) | 0.13 | 0.42 (0.27, 0.66) | <0.001 |
31–35 | 0.55 (0.39, 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.21, 0.70) | 0.002 | 0.83 (0.54, 1.27) | 0.83 |
36–53 | 0.53 (0.38 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.23, 0.75) | 0.004 | 0.67 (0.44, 1.01) | 0.67 |
Sex assigned at birth | ||||||
Male | Reference | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
Female | 0.67 (0.52, 0.85) | <0.001 | N.A. | N.A. | ||
Ethnic group | ||||||
Han | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Others | 0.86 (0.53, 1.39) | 0.53 | 1.40 (0.73, 2.70) | 0.31 | 1.05 (0.52, 2.13) | 0.89 |
Permanent residents of Shenzhen | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.74 | 0.94 (0.62, 1.43) | 0.77 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.38) | 0.97 |
Education level | ||||||
Junior high school or below | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Senior high school or equivalent | 1.09 (0.74, 1.61) | 0.65 | 0.89 (0.54, 1.45) | 0.63 | 0.95 (0.59, 1.52) | 0.82 |
College and above | 0.70 (0.50, 0.98) | 0.04 | 0.38 (0.21, 0.68) | 0.001 | 0.69 (0.41, 1.15) | 0.15 |
Monthly personal income, CNY (USD) | ||||||
<5000 (694) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
5000–6999 (694–972) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 0.74 | 1.10 (0.74, 1.64) | 0.64 | 0.79 (0.58, 1.12) | 0.19 |
7000–9999 (972–1389) | 0.81 (0.50, 1.30) | 0.38 | 0.88 (0.30, 2.57) | 0.82 | 0.65 (0.37, 1.12) | 0.12 |
>10,000 (1389) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.70) | 0.93 | 0.16 (0.02, 1.26) | 0.08 | 1.10 (0.59, 2.07) | 0.76 |
Type of work | ||||||
Frontline workers | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Management staff | 0.63 (0.49, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.34, 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) | 0.45 |
History of confirmed COVID-19 infection | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 1.18 (0.85, 1.62) | 0.33 | 1.68 (1.06, 2.68) | 0.03 | 0.89 (0.57, 1.41) | 0.62 |
Confirmed seasonal influenza infection in the past six months | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.45, 1.13) | 0.15 | 0.53 (0.38, 0.74) | <0.001 |
Other confirmed upper respiratory infections in the past six months | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 0.58 (0.43, 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.35, 1.03) | 0.07 | 0.50 (0.35, 0.72) | <0.001 |
Number of doses of COVID-19 vaccination received by the participants | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
1 | 1.27 (0.68, 2.37) | 0.45 | 1.14 (0.42, 3.12) | 0.80 | 1.29 (0.58, 2.89) | 0.53 |
2 | 1.10 (0.64, 1.88) | 0.74 | 1.14 (0.50, 2.60) | 0.76 | 1.05 (0.51, 2.15) | 0.90 |
3 | 0.74 (0.45, 1.23) | 0.25 | 0.64 (0.30, 1.35) | 0.24 | 0.86 (0.44, 1.69) | 0.66 |
4 | 1.43 (0.65, 3.14) | 0.38 | 1.06 (0.32, 3.48) | 0.92 | 1.83 (0.62, 5.39) | 0.27 |
5 | 0.83 (0.25, 2.75) | 0.77 | 1.67 (0.21, 13.43) | 0.63 | 0.59 (0.13, 2.64) | 0.49 |
Characteristics of the index child | ||||||
Age of index child, years | ||||||
<4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
4–6 | 0.76 (0.52, 1.10) | 0.15 | 0.59 (0.33, 1.07) | 0.08 | 0.93 (0.57, 1.52) | 0.78 |
7–12 | 0.98 (0.72, 1.34) | 0.91 | 0.77 (0.48, 1.26) | 0.30 | 1.20 (0.80, 1.80) | 0.37 |
13–17 | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) | 0.95 | 0.81 (0.43, 1.53) | 0.52 | 1.19 (0.71, 2.00) | 0.51 |
History of confirmed COVID-19 infection | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 0.77 (0.59, 0.99) | 0.046 | 0.53 (0.36, 0.78) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.68, 1.41) | 0.92 |
Confirmed seasonal influenza infection in the past six months | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 0.74 (0.56, 0.97) | 0.03 | 0.63 (0.40, 0.99) | 0.05 | 0.77 (0.55, 1.09) | 0.14 |
Other confirmed upper respiratory infections in the past six months | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 0.45 (0.34, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.26, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.30, 0.61) | <0.001 |
All Participants (n = 1175) | Mothers (n = 526) | Fathers (n = 649) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | AOR (95%CI) | p Value | AOR (95%CI) | p Value | AOR (95%CI) | p Value |
Individual-level factors | ||||||
Satisfaction of governmental health promotion materials | ||||||
Satisfaction with Health Promotional Materials Scale | 0.75 (0.69, 0.80) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.61, 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.70, 0.84) | <0.001 |
Perceptions related to SIV | ||||||
The index child has a high chance of contracting seasonal influenza (perceived susceptibility) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.03 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) | 0.17 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.06 |
Perceived Severity Scale | 0.83 (0.77, 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) | <0.001 |
Perceived Benefit Scale | 0.67 (0.60, 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.48, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.63, 0.80) | <0.001 |
Perceived Barrier Scale | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.02 | 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) | 0.14 | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.05 |
Your significant others (e.g., doctors, friends, and families) suggested you vaccinate the index child against seasonal influenza (cue to action) | 0.59 (0.50, 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.35, 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.53, 0.79) | <0.001 |
It is easy for you to vaccinate the index child against seasonal influenza if you want to (perceived self-efficacy) | 0.59 (0.50,0.70) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.38, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) | <0.001 |
Index child’s use of personal preventive measures | ||||||
Index child’s frequency of wearing masks in public transportation in the past month | 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.04) | 0.12 | 0.90 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.26 |
Index child’s frequency of wearing masks at schools in the past month | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.15 | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) | 0.50 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.04) | 0.12 |
Parents’ hesitancy to receive SIV | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 4.46 (3.38, 5.90) | <0.001 | 5.22 (3.35, 8.14) | <0.001 | 3.91 (2.74, 5.58) | <0.001 |
Interpersonal-level factors | ||||||
Frequency of exposure to the following information on social media platforms (e.g., WeChat moments, Weibo, Tiktok, Red) in the past month | ||||||
Testimonials given by parents about their children’s severe symptoms following seasonal influenza or other upper respiratory infection | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.009 | 0.86 (0.71, 1.03) | 0.11 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.06 |
Difficulties in seeking medical treatments for influenza or other upper respiratory infections for children | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.03 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 0.40 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.07 |
Increasing number of patients in the hospitals due to influenza or other upper respiratory infections | 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) | 0.008 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | 0.22 | 0.84 (0.71, 0.98) | 0.03 |
Increasing number of severe cases of influenza or other upper respiratory infections | 0.88 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.04 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.91 | 0.79 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.008 |
Thoughtful consideration about veracity of information specific to SIV in the past month | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.23 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.94 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.17 |
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Share and Cite
Cao, H.; Chen, S.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, K.; Fang, Y.; Chen, H.; Hu, T.; Zhong, R.; Zhou, X.; Wang, Z. Parental Hesitancy toward Seasonal Influenza Vaccination for Children under the Age of 18 Years and Its Determinants in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Cross-Sectional Survey among 1175 Parents in China. Vaccines 2024, 12, 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090988
Cao H, Chen S, Liu Y, Zhang K, Fang Y, Chen H, Hu T, Zhong R, Zhou X, Wang Z. Parental Hesitancy toward Seasonal Influenza Vaccination for Children under the Age of 18 Years and Its Determinants in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Cross-Sectional Survey among 1175 Parents in China. Vaccines. 2024; 12(9):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090988
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, He, Siyu Chen, Yijie Liu, Kechun Zhang, Yuan Fang, Hongbiao Chen, Tian Hu, Rulian Zhong, Xiaofeng Zhou, and Zixin Wang. 2024. "Parental Hesitancy toward Seasonal Influenza Vaccination for Children under the Age of 18 Years and Its Determinants in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Cross-Sectional Survey among 1175 Parents in China" Vaccines 12, no. 9: 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090988