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Vaccines
Volume 13
Issue 3
10.3390/vaccines13030262
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Article

A Hidden Guardian: The Stability and Spectrum of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in COVID-19 Response in Chinese Adults

by
Jinge Cao
1,†,
Mengze Gan
1,†,
Zhihao Zhang
2,
Xiaosong Lin
1,
Qi Ouyang
1,
Hui Fu
1,
Xinyue Xu
1,
Zhen Wang
2,
Xinlian Li
2,
Yaxin Wang
2,
Hao Cai
2,
Qing Lei
3,
Li Liu
2,
Hao Wang
2,* and
Xionglin Fan
1,*
1
Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
2
Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
3
Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Vaccines 2025, 13(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030262 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 January 2025 / Revised: 20 February 2025 / Accepted: 26 February 2025 / Published: 28 February 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Objectives: Identifying immune-protective biomarkers is crucial for the effective management and mitigation of current and future COVID-19 outbreaks, particularly in preventing or counteracting the immune evasion exhibited by the Omicron variants. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially those within the Omicron lineage, has highlighted their capacity to evade neutralizing antibodies, emphasizing the need to understand the role of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in combating these infections. Methods: This study, conducted in Qichun City, Hubei province, from December 2021 to March 2023, involved 50 healthy Chinese adults who had received two doses of inactivated vaccines and had subsequently experienced mild infections with the Omicron BA.5 variant. Blood samples from these 50 healthy Chinese adults were collected at six distinct time points: at baseline and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 9th months following the third dose of the inactivated vaccine, as well as 3 months post-breakthrough infection. Their sera were analyzed to assess ADCC and neutralization effects. Results: The results indicated that the antibodies elicited by the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeted the spike protein, exhibiting both pre-existing neutralizing and ADCC activities against Omicron variants BA.5 and XBB.1.5. Notably, the ADCC activity demonstrated greater stability compared to that of the neutralizing effects, persisting for at least 15 months post-vaccination, and could be augmented by additional vaccine doses and breakthrough infections. The ADCC effect associated with hybrid immunity effectively targets a spectrum of prospective Omicron variants, including BA.2.86, CH.1.1, EG.5.1, and JN.1. Conclusions: In light of its stability and broad-spectrum efficacy, we recommend the use of the ADCC effect as a biomarker for assessing protective immunity and guiding the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; neutralizing antibodies; ADCC SARS-CoV-2; neutralizing antibodies; ADCC

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cao, J.; Gan, M.; Zhang, Z.; Lin, X.; Ouyang, Q.; Fu, H.; Xu, X.; Wang, Z.; Li, X.; Wang, Y.; et al. A Hidden Guardian: The Stability and Spectrum of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in COVID-19 Response in Chinese Adults. Vaccines 2025, 13, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030262

AMA Style

Cao J, Gan M, Zhang Z, Lin X, Ouyang Q, Fu H, Xu X, Wang Z, Li X, Wang Y, et al. A Hidden Guardian: The Stability and Spectrum of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in COVID-19 Response in Chinese Adults. Vaccines. 2025; 13(3):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030262

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cao, Jinge, Mengze Gan, Zhihao Zhang, Xiaosong Lin, Qi Ouyang, Hui Fu, Xinyue Xu, Zhen Wang, Xinlian Li, Yaxin Wang, and et al. 2025. "A Hidden Guardian: The Stability and Spectrum of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in COVID-19 Response in Chinese Adults" Vaccines 13, no. 3: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030262

APA Style

Cao, J., Gan, M., Zhang, Z., Lin, X., Ouyang, Q., Fu, H., Xu, X., Wang, Z., Li, X., Wang, Y., Cai, H., Lei, Q., Liu, L., Wang, H., & Fan, X. (2025). A Hidden Guardian: The Stability and Spectrum of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in COVID-19 Response in Chinese Adults. Vaccines, 13(3), 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030262

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