Interaction of Viral Capsid-Derived Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) with the Innate Immune System
Abstract
:1. Virus-Like Particles (VLPs)—Brief Overview
2. VLPs Interaction with the Innate Immune System
2.1. Drainage of VLP into the Lymphatoid Organs
2.2. Trafficking of VLPs Within Draining LN
2.3. VLPs and Innate Humoral Immune Response
2.4. Efficient Presentation of VLPs by Both MHC Pathways
2.5. Packaging VLPs with Innate Immune-Modulators
2.6. Important Considerations on VLP Based Vaccines
2.7. Challenges for VLP-Based Vaccine Development
- Even though several VLP-based vaccines are on the market, some more recent candidates struggle with stability. In addition, no vaccine that displays foreign epitopes has made it to the market so far. Hence, real-life, market PoC for such vaccines is missing. While there is no a priori reason that this should not be possible, it may still be perceived as a potential risk.
- Most if not all nucleocapsid VLPs derived from RNA viruses package RNA from the production host cells. This may need an additional Quality Control effort.
- If epitopes are to be fused into VLPs, this can create substantial problems, as VLPs may not assemble anymore.
- The selected epitope may not be protective
- Induced immune responses may be too low
- The selected indication may sound interesting but does not attract interest from industry and/or the end-customer
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
VLPs | Virus-Like Particles |
PRR | Pattern Recognition Receptor |
PASP | Pathogen-Associated Structural Pattern |
TLR | Toll-Like Receptor |
LN | Lymph Node |
SCS | Sub-Capsular Sinus |
DC | Dendritic Cell |
cDC | Conventional Dendritic Cell |
pDC | Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell |
dDC | Dermal Dendritic Cell |
fDC | Follicular Dendritic Cell |
LC | Langerhans Cell |
APC | Antigen-Presenting Cell |
CTL | Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte |
CRP | C Reactive Protein |
PTX3 | Pentraxin-Related Protein |
MHC-I | Major Histocompatability Class I |
MHC-II | Major Histocompatibility Class II |
LCMV | Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus |
dsRNA | Double Stranded RNA |
ssRNA | Single Stranded RNA |
TNF | Tumor Necrosis Factor |
IFN | Interferon |
NF-κB | Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Activated B-Cells |
AP-1 | Activator Protein 1 |
IRF | Interferon Regulatory factor |
CCL2 | Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 |
CXCL8 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 8 |
MyD88 | Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Gene 88 |
TRIF | TIR-Domain-Containing Adapter-Inducing Interferon-β |
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Mohsen, M.O.; Gomes, A.C.; Vogel, M.; Bachmann, M.F. Interaction of Viral Capsid-Derived Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) with the Innate Immune System. Vaccines 2018, 6, 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030037
Mohsen MO, Gomes AC, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Interaction of Viral Capsid-Derived Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) with the Innate Immune System. Vaccines. 2018; 6(3):37. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030037
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohsen, Mona O., Ariane C. Gomes, Monique Vogel, and Martin F. Bachmann. 2018. "Interaction of Viral Capsid-Derived Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) with the Innate Immune System" Vaccines 6, no. 3: 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030037