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Article

Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy

by
Caterina Rizzo
1,*,
Francesco Gesualdo
1,
Daniela Loconsole
2,
Elisabetta Pandolfi
1,
Antonino Bella
3,
Andrea Orsi
4,
Giulia Guarona
4,
Donatella Panatto
4,
Giancarlo Icardi
4,
Christian Napoli
5,
Giovanni Battista Orsi
6,
Ilaria Manini
6,7,
Emanuele Montomoli
7,8,
Ilaria Campagna
1,
Luisa Russo
1,
Valeria Alfonsi
9,
Simona Puzelli
3,
Antonino Reale
1,
Umberto Raucci
1,
Livia Piccioni
1,
Carlo Concato
1,
Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Atti
1,
Alberto Villani
1,
Maria Chironna
2 and
Alberto Eugenio Tozzi
1add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Biomedical Science and Medical, Oncology of the University of Bari, 70120 Bari, Italy
3
Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
4
IRCCS University Hospital San Martino, 16100 Genoa, Italy
5
Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
6
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
7
Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
8
Vaccine Assessment VisMederi Srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
9
Medical Direction, University Hospital Sant’Andrea, 00189 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030427
Submission received: 8 July 2020 / Revised: 26 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 July 2020 / Published: 30 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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Abstract

Every season, circulating influenza viruses change; therefore, vaccines must be reformulated each year. We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe influenza infection for the 2018/19 season in Italy. We conducted a test-negative design case-control study at five Italian hospitals. We estimated influenza VE against severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) requiring hospitalisation overall, and by virus subtype, vaccine brand, and age. The 2018/19 season was characterised by A(H1N1)pmd09 and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. Vaccine coverage among <18 years recruited SARI cases was very low (3.2%). Seasonal vaccines were moderately effective against type A influenza overall (adjusted VE = 40.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 18.7–56.4%) and subtype A(H1N1)pmd09 viruses (adjusted VE = 55%; 95% CI = 34.5–69.1%), but ineffective against subtype A(H3N2) viruses (adjusted VE = 2.5%; 95% CI = −50.0–36.7%). Both Fluad and Fluarix Tetra vaccines were effective against type A influenza overall and subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. VE appeared to be similar across age groups (0–64 years, ≥65 years). Seasonal influenza vaccines in the 2018/19 season were moderately effective in preventing SARI caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza but ineffective against A(H3N2).
Keywords: influenza vaccine effectiveness; test-negative case-control study; SARI; Italy; IT-BIVE-HOSP network influenza vaccine effectiveness; test-negative case-control study; SARI; Italy; IT-BIVE-HOSP network

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rizzo, C.; Gesualdo, F.; Loconsole, D.; Pandolfi, E.; Bella, A.; Orsi, A.; Guarona, G.; Panatto, D.; Icardi, G.; Napoli, C.; et al. Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy. Vaccines 2020, 8, 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030427

AMA Style

Rizzo C, Gesualdo F, Loconsole D, Pandolfi E, Bella A, Orsi A, Guarona G, Panatto D, Icardi G, Napoli C, et al. Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy. Vaccines. 2020; 8(3):427. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030427

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizzo, Caterina, Francesco Gesualdo, Daniela Loconsole, Elisabetta Pandolfi, Antonino Bella, Andrea Orsi, Giulia Guarona, Donatella Panatto, Giancarlo Icardi, Christian Napoli, and et al. 2020. "Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy" Vaccines 8, no. 3: 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030427

APA Style

Rizzo, C., Gesualdo, F., Loconsole, D., Pandolfi, E., Bella, A., Orsi, A., Guarona, G., Panatto, D., Icardi, G., Napoli, C., Orsi, G. B., Manini, I., Montomoli, E., Campagna, I., Russo, L., Alfonsi, V., Puzelli, S., Reale, A., Raucci, U., ... Tozzi, A. E. (2020). Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy. Vaccines, 8(3), 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030427

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