Next Article in Journal
Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis in Adult At-Risk Patients
Previous Article in Journal
Influenza Vaccination and Myo-Pericarditis in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Investigating the Likelihood of Interaction through the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and VigiBase
Previous Article in Special Issue
Distinct African Swine Fever Virus Shedding in Wild Boar Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Isolates
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Vaccines
Volume 9
Issue 1
10.3390/vaccines9010020
vaccines-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms

by
Anthony C. Ike
1,*,
Chukwuebuka M. Ononugbo
2,
Okechukwu J. Obi
1,
Chisom J. Onu
1,3,
Chinasa V. Olovo
1,4,
Sophia O. Muo
1,
Okoro S. Chukwu
1,5,
Eleazar E. Reward
3 and
Odinakachukwu P. Omeke
1
1
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu 410001, Nigeria
2
Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
3
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
4
School of Medicine, Clinical Medicine Major, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
5
Department of Biology/Microbiology/Biotechnology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi 1010, Nigeria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2021, 9(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010020
Submission received: 8 October 2020 / Revised: 24 December 2020 / Accepted: 29 December 2020 / Published: 4 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunology and Immunopathology of Poultry and Livestock Infectious Diseases)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The immunology of avian has been well studied and numerous vaccines have been developed against the two viruses. Most of these vaccines are either inactivated vaccines or live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines induce weak cellular immune responses and require priming with live or other types of vaccines. Advanced technology has been used to produce several types of vaccines that can initiate prime immune responses. However, as a result of rapid genetic variations, the control of these two viral infections through vaccination has remained a challenge. Using various strategies such as combination of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, development of IB/ND vaccines, use of DNA vaccines and transgenic plant vaccines, the problem is being surmounted. It is hoped that with increasing understanding of the immunological mechanisms in birds that are used in fighting these viruses, a more successful control of the diseases will be achieved. This will go a long way in contributing to global food security and the economic development of many developing countries, given the role of poultry in the attainment of these goals.
Keywords: infectious bronchitis; Newcastle disease; poultry; vaccine; immunity infectious bronchitis; Newcastle disease; poultry; vaccine; immunity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ike, A.C.; Ononugbo, C.M.; Obi, O.J.; Onu, C.J.; Olovo, C.V.; Muo, S.O.; Chukwu, O.S.; Reward, E.E.; Omeke, O.P. Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms. Vaccines 2021, 9, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010020

AMA Style

Ike AC, Ononugbo CM, Obi OJ, Onu CJ, Olovo CV, Muo SO, Chukwu OS, Reward EE, Omeke OP. Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms. Vaccines. 2021; 9(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010020

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ike, Anthony C., Chukwuebuka M. Ononugbo, Okechukwu J. Obi, Chisom J. Onu, Chinasa V. Olovo, Sophia O. Muo, Okoro S. Chukwu, Eleazar E. Reward, and Odinakachukwu P. Omeke. 2021. "Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms" Vaccines 9, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010020

APA Style

Ike, A. C., Ononugbo, C. M., Obi, O. J., Onu, C. J., Olovo, C. V., Muo, S. O., Chukwu, O. S., Reward, E. E., & Omeke, O. P. (2021). Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms. Vaccines, 9(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010020

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop