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Review

Nanotechnology Interventions in the Management of COVID-19: Prevention, Diagnosis and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines

by
Acharya Balkrishna
1,2,
Vedpriya Arya
1,2,
Akansha Rohela
1,
Ashwani Kumar
1,*,
Rachna Verma
3,*,
Dinesh Kumar
4,
Eugenie Nepovimova
5,
Kamil Kuca
5,6,*,
Naveen Thakur
7,
Nikesh Thakur
7 and
Pankaj Kumar
7
1
Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India
2
Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar 249405, India
3
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
4
School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
5
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
6
Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
7
Department of Physics, Career Point University, Hamirpur 177001, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2021, 9(10), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101129
Submission received: 25 August 2021 / Revised: 25 September 2021 / Accepted: 30 September 2021 / Published: 4 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle and Nano-Particle Vaccines 2.0)
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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 claimed numerous lives and put nations on high alert. The lack of antiviral medications and the small number of approved vaccines, as well as the recurrence of adverse effects, necessitates the development of novel treatment ways to combat COVID-19. In this context, using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, we gathered information about nanotechnology’s involvement in the prevention, diagnosis and virus-like particle vaccine development. This review revealed that various nanomaterials like gold, polymeric, graphene and poly amino ester with carboxyl group coated magnetic nanoparticles have been explored for the fast detection of SARS-CoV-2. Personal protective equipment fabricated with nanoparticles, such as gloves, masks, clothes, surfactants, and Ag, TiO2 based disinfectants played an essential role in halting COVID-19 transmission. Nanoparticles are used not only in vaccine delivery, such as lipid nanoparticles mediated transport of mRNA-based Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, but also in the development of vaccine as the virus-like particles elicit an immune response. There are now 18 virus-like particle vaccines in pre-clinical development, with one of them, developed by Novavax, reported being in phase 3 trials. Due to the probability of upcoming COVID-19 waves, and the rise of new diseases, the future relevance of virus-like particles is imperative. Furthermore, psychosocial variables linked to vaccine reluctance constitute a critical problem that must be addressed immediately to avert pandemic.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; virus-like particle vaccines; prevention SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; virus-like particle vaccines; prevention

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MDPI and ACS Style

Balkrishna, A.; Arya, V.; Rohela, A.; Kumar, A.; Verma, R.; Kumar, D.; Nepovimova, E.; Kuca, K.; Thakur, N.; Thakur, N.; et al. Nanotechnology Interventions in the Management of COVID-19: Prevention, Diagnosis and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101129

AMA Style

Balkrishna A, Arya V, Rohela A, Kumar A, Verma R, Kumar D, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Thakur N, Thakur N, et al. Nanotechnology Interventions in the Management of COVID-19: Prevention, Diagnosis and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines. Vaccines. 2021; 9(10):1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101129

Chicago/Turabian Style

Balkrishna, Acharya, Vedpriya Arya, Akansha Rohela, Ashwani Kumar, Rachna Verma, Dinesh Kumar, Eugenie Nepovimova, Kamil Kuca, Naveen Thakur, Nikesh Thakur, and et al. 2021. "Nanotechnology Interventions in the Management of COVID-19: Prevention, Diagnosis and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines" Vaccines 9, no. 10: 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101129

APA Style

Balkrishna, A., Arya, V., Rohela, A., Kumar, A., Verma, R., Kumar, D., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., Thakur, N., Thakur, N., & Kumar, P. (2021). Nanotechnology Interventions in the Management of COVID-19: Prevention, Diagnosis and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines. Vaccines, 9(10), 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101129

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