Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval/Animal Welfare
2.2. Vaccine
2.3. Experimental Animals
2.4. Vaccination Protocol
2.5. Sampling and Shipping
2.6. Serology
2.6.1. Single Radial Hemolysis
2.6.2. Virus Neutralization Assay
2.7. Interferon Gamma Assay
2.8. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Signs
3.2. SRH Antibody Response to EIV
3.3. VN Assay Result
3.4. Interferon Gamma Assay Result
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No.: | Vaccine | Company | Adjuvant | Virus Strain | Type of Vaccine | Region in Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® | Boehringer Ingelheim | Carbimmune | A/Equi-2/Newmarket/93 A/Equi-2/Kentucky/95 A/Equi-2/Ohio/03 EHV-1 souche KyA | Inactivated vaccine | USA |
2. | Duvaxyn IE-T® | Elanco Animal Health | Carbomer, Aluminium hydroxide | A/Equi-1/Prague/56 A/Equi-2/Newmarket/93 A/Equi-2/Suffolk/89 | Inactivated vaccine | Europe |
3. | Equilis® Prequenza-TE | MSD Animal Health | Saponin, Cholesterol, Phosphatidylcholine | A/Equi-2/South Africa/03 A/Equi-2/Newmarket/93 | Inactivated vaccine | Europe |
4. | Equi N Tect FLU® | Nisseiken Co Ltd. | Nil | A/equi-2/Ibaraki/1/07 A/equi-2/Yokohama/10 | Inactivated vaccine | Japan |
5. | Fluvac Innovator® | Zoetis LLC | MetaStim® | A/equi-2/ Kentucky/97 EHV-1 and EHV-4 | Inactivated vaccine | USA |
6. | Equip-FT® | Pfizer | ISCOM, Quillaic Acid derivative, Aluminium phosphate | A/Equi-1/Newmarket/77 A/Equi-2/Borlange/91 A/Equi-2/Kentucky/98 | Subunit vaccine | Europe |
7. | Flu Avert® I.N. | MSD Animal Health | Nil | Cold adapted A/Equi-2/Kentucky/91 | Modified live viral vaccine | Europe USA |
8. | Proteqflu-TE® | Boehringer Ingelheim | Carbomer | A/Equi-2/Ohio/03 A/Equi-2/Richmond/07 | Vector based canary pox vaccine | Europe |
Group | Test | Positive | Negative | Total | Fisher’s Exact Test p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1: V1-0 day | SRH | 5 | 10 | 15 | 0.2723; NS |
VN | 9 | 6 | 15 | ||
G1: V2 - 10 week | SRH | 10 | 5 | 15 | 1.0000; NS |
VN | 10 | 5 | 15 | ||
G1: V1 - 0 day + V2 - 10 weeks | SRH | 15 | 15 | 30 | 0.4348; NS |
VN | 19 | 11 | 30 | ||
G2: V1-0 day | SRH | 0 | 15 | 15 | 0.0996; NS |
VN | 4 | 11 | 15 | ||
G2: V2 - 10 week | SRH | 8 | 7 | 15 | 1.0000; NS |
VN | 7 | 8 | 15 | ||
G2: V1 - 0 day + V2 - 10 weeks | SRH | 8 | 22 | 30 | 0.5796; NS |
VN | 11 | 19 | 30 |
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Pavulraj, S.; Bergmann, T.; Trombetta, C.M.; Marchi, S.; Montomoli, E.; Alami, S.S.E.; Ragni-Alunni, R.; Osterrieder, N.; Azab, W. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020166
Pavulraj S, Bergmann T, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Alami SSE, Ragni-Alunni R, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study. Vaccines. 2021; 9(2):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020166
Chicago/Turabian StylePavulraj, Selvaraj, Tobias Bergmann, Claudia Maria Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Emanuele Montomoli, Sidi Sefiane El Alami, Roberto Ragni-Alunni, Nikolaus Osterrieder, and Walid Azab. 2021. "Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study" Vaccines 9, no. 2: 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020166