Comparison of Immunogenicity and Safety between a Single Dose and One Booster Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A 20-Week, Open-Label Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Group Allocation of the Enrolled Subjects
2.2. Vaccine Formula and Monitoring of Adverse Effects Related to Vaccination
2.3. Parameters of Immunogenicity Based on Hemagglutination-Inhibition (HI) Assays
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Enrolled Patients
3.2. Change in Immunogenicity Parameters Based on HI Assays before and after Vaccination
3.3. Determining Factors for Seroprotection and Seroresponse among the One- and Two-Dose Vaccination Groups
3.4. Local and Systemic Adverse Events Related to Vaccination during the Study Period
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 198) | The Unvaccinated Group (n = 43) | The One-Dose Vaccination Group (n = 84) | The Two-Dose Vaccination Group (n = 71) | p-Value b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 64.14 ± 11.76 | 65.35 ± 13.19 | 65.67 ± 11.67 | 61.61 ± 10.65 | 0.075 |
Men/Women (n) | 117/81 | 21/22 | 50/34 | 46/25 | 0.243 |
Dry weight (Kgw) | 65.11 ± 12.11 | 63.08 ± 12.88 | 65.50 ± 11.92 | 66.06 ± 11.81 | 0.444 |
Underlying disease | |||||
Hypertension (n, %) | 125 (63.13) | 30 (69.77) | 50 (59.52) | 45 (63.38) | 0.526 |
Diabetes (n, %) | 83 (41.92) | 23 (53.49) | 31 (36.90) | 29 (40.85) | 0.195 |
Liver disease (n, %) | 34 (17.17) | 8 (18.60) | 15 (17.86) | 11 (15.49) | 0.8911 |
Cardiovascular disease (n, %) | 40 (20.20) | 9 (20.93) | 18 (21.43) | 13 (18.31) | 0.8824 |
Hematology | |||||
White blood cell (103/μL) | 6.79 ± 1.86 | 6.27 ± 1.59 | 6.81 ± 1.92 | 7.07 ± 1.88 | 0.079 |
Hematocrit (%) | 34.59 ± 5.73 | 33.96 ± 6.12 | 35.50 ± 5.63 | 33.90 ± 5.55 | 0.16 |
Platelet (103/μL) | 208.40 ± 59.91 | 190.81 ± 51.34 | 209.36 ± 66.40 | 217.92 ± 54.86 | 0.063 |
Biochemistry | |||||
BUN (mg/dL) | 42.61 ± 23.87 | 43.67 ± 27.28 | 38.89 ± 21.65 | 46.41 ± 23.86 | 0.142 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) a | 2.37 (2.35) | 2.23 (3.18) | 2.14 (1.85) | 2.89 (2.67) | <0.0001 |
Glucose AC (mg/dL) | 110.41 ± 37.10 | 102.63 ± 26.59 | 113.30 ± 35.42 | 111.70 ± 43.73 | 0.29 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.27 ± 0.54 | 9.22 ± 0.54 | 9.30 ± 0.52 | 9.26 ± 0.56 | 0.75 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.92 ± 0.84 | 3.87 ± 0.99 | 3.84 ± 0.73 | 4.05 ± 0.86 | 0.272 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 141.61 ± 2.99 | 141.14 ± 3.62 | 141.36 ± 2.96 | 142.20 ± 2.52 | 0.111 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.36 ± 0.58 | 4.20 ± 0.66 | 4.37 ± 0.54 | 4.45 ± 0.56 | 0.093 |
Albumin (mg/dL) | 4.26 ± 0.42 | 4.23 ± 0.41 | 4.27 ± 0.43 | 4.27 ± 0.43 | 0.808 |
Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) a | 153.00 (47.00) | 158.00 (61.00) | 154.00 (44.00) | 152.00 (49.00) | 0.095 |
Triglyceride (md/dL) a | 109.50 (71.00) | 121.00 (66.00) | 107.00 (77.00) | 112.00 (74.00) | 0.218 |
iPTH (pg/mL) a | 65.53 (64.40) | 67.37 (90.92) | 60.55 (58.69) | 67.57 (63.33) | 0.01 |
Variable | H1N1 | H3N2 | B | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seroprotection | Seroresponse | Seroprotection | Seroresponse | Seroprotection | Seroresponse | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Vaccination schedule (2 vs. 1 dose) | 3.00 (0.94–9.63) | 1.46 (0.76–2.81) | NA | 0.71 (0.38–1.35) | 3.50 (1.30–9.40) | 1.17 (0.62–2.19) |
CKD stage (Stage 4 vs. 1–3) | 3.01 (0.76–11.98) | 0.92 (0.39–2.17) | NA | 0.76 (0.33–1.74) | 0.61 (0.22–1.69) | 0.70 (0.32–1.51) |
CKD stage (Stage 5 vs. 1–3) | 3.86 (0.59–25.41) | 0.75 (0.30–1.85) | NA | 0.74 (0.30–1.80) | 0.56 (0.16–1.91) | 0.62 (0.26–1.44) |
Seroprotection before vaccination | 56.17 (14.06–224.36) | 0.88 (0.43–1.78) | NA | 1.20 (0.61–2.33) | 4.47 (1.75–11.44) | 1.42 (0.72–2.81) |
Age (year) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | NA | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) |
Total–cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | NA | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
Hematocrit (%) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | NA | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) |
The First Dose at Week 0 | The Second Dose at 4 Weeks Later | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | Moderate to Severe | Mild | Moderate to Severe | |
Systemic adverse effect | ||||
Fever (>38 °C) | 1.87% | 0.00% | 0.75% | 0.00% |
Nasal congestion | 10.86% | 1.50% | 1.12% | 0.37% |
Cough | 11.61% | 1.87% | 1.87% | 0.37% |
Sore throat | 4.49% | 0.75% | 1.12% | 0.37% |
Muscle aches | 10.11% | 2.25% | 1.87% | 0.00% |
Headache | 8.24% | 1.50% | 0.37% | 0.00% |
Nausea | 3.75% | 1.12% | 0.37% | 0.00% |
Vomiting | 1.87% | 0.00% | 0.75% | 0.00% |
Malaise | 11.99% | 3.37% | 2.62% | 0.00% |
Eye redness | 3.00% | 0.37% | 0.75% | 0.00% |
Chest tightness | 3.75% | 0.75% | 0.75% | 0.00% |
Respiratory distress | 2.62% | 0.75% | 0.37% | 0.00% |
Face edema | 2.25% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Local adverse effect | ||||
Pain | 9.36% | 1.50% | 0.75% | 0.00% |
Swelling | 7.12% | 1.12% | 0.37% | 0.00% |
Redness | 1.50% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Ecchymosis | 1.50% | 0.37% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Decrease limb mobility | 4.12% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
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Chang, Y.-T.; Ling, T.-C.; Cheng, Y.-Y.; Sun, C.-Y.; Wu, J.-L.; Tai, C.H.; Wang, J.-R.; Sung, J.-M. Comparison of Immunogenicity and Safety between a Single Dose and One Booster Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A 20-Week, Open-Label Trial. Vaccines 2021, 9, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030192
Chang Y-T, Ling T-C, Cheng Y-Y, Sun C-Y, Wu J-L, Tai CH, Wang J-R, Sung J-M. Comparison of Immunogenicity and Safety between a Single Dose and One Booster Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A 20-Week, Open-Label Trial. Vaccines. 2021; 9(3):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030192
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Yu-Tzu, Tsai-Chieh Ling, Ya-Yun Cheng, Chien-Yao Sun, Jia-Ling Wu, Ching Hui Tai, Jen-Ren Wang, and Junne-Ming Sung. 2021. "Comparison of Immunogenicity and Safety between a Single Dose and One Booster Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A 20-Week, Open-Label Trial" Vaccines 9, no. 3: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030192
APA StyleChang, Y. -T., Ling, T. -C., Cheng, Y. -Y., Sun, C. -Y., Wu, J. -L., Tai, C. H., Wang, J. -R., & Sung, J. -M. (2021). Comparison of Immunogenicity and Safety between a Single Dose and One Booster Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A 20-Week, Open-Label Trial. Vaccines, 9(3), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030192