Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of an Inactivated Marker Vaccine against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Virus
2.2. Vaccine
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Virus Isolation
2.5. Blood Sample Collection
2.6. Neutralization Test
2.7. ELISA Tests
2.8. Hematological and Flow Cytometry Analysis
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Response
3.2. Virus Shedding
3.3. Serological Investigations
3.4. Flow Cytometry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Virus Isolation and Titration after Challenge Infection on the Day a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 30 | 59 | |
A | - | N.I. | N.I. | N.I. | N.I. | N.I. | N.I. | N.I. |
B | - | 6.24(5) b | 5.18(4) | 4.50(1) | N.I. | N.I. | N.I. | N.I. |
Group | Post-Vaccination Day (PVD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 30 | 60 f | ||
A | gE-ELISA a | - | - | - |
gB-ELISA b | - | + | + | |
ELISA c | - | - | - | |
NA d,e | <1.00 | 1.02 | 1.75 | |
B | gE-ELISA a | - | - | - |
gB-ELISA b | - | - | - | |
ELISA c | - | - | - | |
NA d,e | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | |
p-Value | - | 0.0052 | 0.0052 |
Group | Post-Challenge Day (PCD) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 30 | 59 | ||
A | gE-ELISA a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
gB-ELISA b | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
ELISA c | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
NA d,e | 1.75 | 1.81 | 1.87 | 2.11 | 2.53 | 2.95 | 3.07 | 3.07 | |
B | gE-ELISA a | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + |
gB-ELISA b | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | |
ELISA c | - | - | - | - | - | + ^ | + ^ | + ^ | |
NA d,e | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | <1.00 | 1.32 | 1.63 | 1.75 | |
p-value | 0.0052 | 0.0047 | 0.0052 | 0.0052 | 0.0052 | 0.0088 | 0.0086 | 0.0084 |
Item | Group A | Group B | p-Value *,** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE f | Mean | SE f | ||
Lymphocytes (%) a | 48.51 | 2.21 | 49.15 | 0.97 | 0.7776 * |
Lymphocytes (cells/µL) a | 5030 | 294 | 4100 | 216 | 0.0068 * |
B Lymphocytes (%) b | 27.36 | 1.13 | 24.81 | 0.70 | 0.0588 ** |
B Lymphocytes (cells/µL) c | 1360 | 104 | 1012 | 59 | 0.0024 * |
B Lymphocytes CD21+ (%) b | 84.43 | 0.95 | 76.40 | 0.89 | 0.0000 * |
B Lymphocytes CD21+ (cells/µL) c | 1149 | 90 | 763 | 39 | 0.0001 * |
γδT lymphocytes (%) d | 58.71 | 1.33 | 48.42 | 1.60 | 0.0000 ** |
αβ T CD4+ (%) e | 73.04 | 0.62 | 68.56 | 0.16 | 0.0000 ** |
αβ T CD8+ (%) e | 16.04 | 0.56 | 21.62 | 0.70 | 0.0000 ** |
αβ CD4+/ αβ CD8+ e | 4.84 | 0.22 | 3.34 | 0.14 | 0.0000 ** |
Item | Time Point (PCD) | Group A | Group B | p-Value *,** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE a | Mean | SE a | |||
B Lymphocytes | 0 | 26.6 | 3.26 | 22.4 | 1.83 | 0.2945 ** |
2 | 26.6 | 3.17 | 23.2 | 1.24 | 0.3474 ** | |
4 | 19.5 | 5.5 | 21.0 | 2.00 | 1 * | |
7 | 26.4 | 2.84 | 20.4 | 1.43 | 0.0960 ** | |
10 | 29.0 | 2.95 | 25.6 | 1.72 | 0.3486 ** | |
15 | 25.0 | 3.67 | 23.4 | 1.57 | 0.6993 ** | |
30 | 25.4 | 3.71 | 28.8 | 1.56 | 0.4228 ** | |
59 | 33.4 | 3.41 | 28.2 | 2.51 | 0.2552 ** | |
B Lymphocytes CD21+ | 0 | 80.2 | 3.06 | 78.2 | 1.39 | 0.5680 ** |
2 | 82.8 | 3.51 | 76.2 | 2.71 | 0.0749 * | |
4 | 85.00 | 3.00 | 80.00 | 2.00 | 0.2207 * | |
7 | 86.2 | 2.08 | 79.8 | 0.37 | 0.1138 * | |
10 | 86.4 | 1.96 | 80.2 | 0.2 | 0.0069 * | |
15 | 85.8 | 1.66 | 76.6 | 1.69 | 0.0088 * | |
30 | 87.4 | 2.62 | 73.2 | 2.27 | 0.0034 ** | |
59 | 77.4 | 3.06 | 71.6 | 4.58 | 0.3230 ** | |
γδ T Lymphocytes | 0 | 53.82 | 1.69 | 41.76 | 3.52 | 0.0150 ** |
2 | 63.92 | 2.99 | 55.88 | 3.85 | 0.1378 ** | |
4 | 54.14 | 2.40 | 49.57 | 2.79 | 0.2490 ** | |
7 | 56.15 | 3.02 | 43.43 | 2.95 | 0.0167 ** | |
10 | 53.92 | 4.58 | 43.97 | 4.61 | 0.1646 ** | |
15 | 66.36 | 4.68 | 53.02 | 6.09 | 0.1206 ** | |
30 | 63.08 | 3.1 | 51.24 | 6.52 | 0.1396 ** | |
59 | 58.33 | 3.75 | 48.46 | 3.18 | 0.0795 ** | |
αβ T CD4+ | 0 | 72.95 | 1.89 | 69.58 | 1.67 | 0.0758 * |
2 | 74.21 | 2.09 | 67.79 | 2.40 | 0.0785 ** | |
4 | 74.41 | 1.47 | 73.28 | 1.70 | 0.6283 ** | |
7 | 72.34 | 1.53 | 67.81 | 2.06 | 0.1155 ** | |
10 | 72.59 | 1.38 | 66.01 | 1.41 | 0.0103 ** | |
15 | 73.1 | 2.25 | 67.06 | 1.48 | 0.0553 ** | |
30 | 73.73 | 1.97 | 71.08 | 1.26 | 0.2884 ** | |
59 | 70.96 | 2.15 | 65.89 | 0.90 | 0.0613 ** | |
αβ T CD8+ | 0 | 16.11 | 1.72 | 20.47 | 1.83 | 0.1207 ** |
2 | 14.63 | 1.78 | 22.33 | 2.69 | 0.0440 ** | |
4 | 14.97 | 1.24 | 16.79 | 1.57 | 0.4647 * | |
7 | 16.64 | 1.40 | 22.67 | 1.97 | 0.0377 ** | |
10 | 16.59 | 1.53 | 24.08 | 1.50 | 0.0283 * | |
15 | 15.89 | 1.92 | 23.40 | 1.69 | 0.0190 ** | |
30 | 15.85 | 2.02 | 19.53 | 1.69 | 0.2007 ** | |
59 | 17.58 | 0.88 | 23.69 | 1.34 | 0.0294 ** | |
αβ T CD4+/CD8+ | 0 | 4.78 | 0.61 | 3.52 | 0.35 | 0.1111 ** |
2 | 5.50 | 0.90 | 3.25 | 0.45 | 0.0570 ** | |
4 | 5.14 | 0.53 | 4.52 | 0.42 | 0.3837 ** | |
7 | 4.53 | 0.54 | 3.1 | 0.31 | 0.0522 ** | |
10 | 4.54 | 0.46 | 2.80 | 0.23 | 0.0163 * | |
15 | 4.94 | 0.71 | 2.94 | 0.25 | 0.0294 ** | |
30 | 5.03 | 0.76 | 3.78 | 0.42 | 0.1897 ** | |
59 | 4.28 | 0.57 | 2.82 | 0.18 | 0.0407 ** |
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Petrini, S.; Martucciello, A.; Grandoni, F.; De Matteis, G.; Cappelli, G.; Giammarioli, M.; Scoccia, E.; Grassi, C.; Righi, C.; Fusco, G.; et al. Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of an Inactivated Marker Vaccine against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Vaccines 2021, 9, 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040355
Petrini S, Martucciello A, Grandoni F, De Matteis G, Cappelli G, Giammarioli M, Scoccia E, Grassi C, Righi C, Fusco G, et al. Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of an Inactivated Marker Vaccine against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Vaccines. 2021; 9(4):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040355
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrini, Stefano, Alessandra Martucciello, Francesco Grandoni, Giovanna De Matteis, Giovanna Cappelli, Monica Giammarioli, Eleonora Scoccia, Carlo Grassi, Cecilia Righi, Giovanna Fusco, and et al. 2021. "Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of an Inactivated Marker Vaccine against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)" Vaccines 9, no. 4: 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040355