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Volume 9
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10.3390/vaccines9060611
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Article

Characterization of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses Using a Multiplex Bead-Based Immunoassay

by
Wegene Borena
1,*,
Janine Kimpel
1,
Melanie Gierer
2,
Annika Rössler
1,
Lydia Riepler
1,
Susanne Oehler
2,
Dorothee von Laer
1 and
Markus Miholits
2
1
Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
2
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bender MedSystems GmbH, Campus Vienna Biocenter 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2021, 9(6), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060611
Submission received: 7 May 2021 / Revised: 31 May 2021 / Accepted: 2 June 2021 / Published: 7 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Serological Studies around the Globe)
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Abstract

Serological assays that simultaneously detect antibodies to multiple targets of SARS-CoV-2 and to other structurally related coronaviruses provide a holistic picture of antibody response patterns. Well-validated multiplex immunoassays are scarce. Here, we evaluated the performance of an 11-plex serological assay capable of detecting antibodies directed to four antigenic targets of SARS-CoV-2 and to S1 proteins of other human pathogenic coronaviruses. We used 620 well-characterized sera (n = 458 seropositive and n = 110 seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 in the pre-SARS-CoV-2 era and n = 52 seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 in the era of SARS-CoV-2) as positive and negative standards. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values, including a 95% confidence interval. The difference in mean fluorescence intensity (95% CI) was used to assess a potential cross-reaction between antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and the other coronaviruses. The sensitivity (95% CI) of detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to four antigenic targets ranged from 83.4% (76.7–86.7) to 93.7% (91.0–95.7) and the specificity from 98.2% (93.6–99.8) to 100% (96.7–100). We observed no obvious cross-reaction between anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antibodies to the other coronaviruses except for SARS-CoV-1. The high sensitivity and specificity warrant a reliable utilization of the assay in population-based seroprevalence surveys or vaccine efficacy studies.
Keywords: human coronaviruses; multiplex immunoassay; cross-reaction; bead-based immunoassay human coronaviruses; multiplex immunoassay; cross-reaction; bead-based immunoassay

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MDPI and ACS Style

Borena, W.; Kimpel, J.; Gierer, M.; Rössler, A.; Riepler, L.; Oehler, S.; von Laer, D.; Miholits, M. Characterization of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses Using a Multiplex Bead-Based Immunoassay. Vaccines 2021, 9, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060611

AMA Style

Borena W, Kimpel J, Gierer M, Rössler A, Riepler L, Oehler S, von Laer D, Miholits M. Characterization of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses Using a Multiplex Bead-Based Immunoassay. Vaccines. 2021; 9(6):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060611

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borena, Wegene, Janine Kimpel, Melanie Gierer, Annika Rössler, Lydia Riepler, Susanne Oehler, Dorothee von Laer, and Markus Miholits. 2021. "Characterization of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses Using a Multiplex Bead-Based Immunoassay" Vaccines 9, no. 6: 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060611

APA Style

Borena, W., Kimpel, J., Gierer, M., Rössler, A., Riepler, L., Oehler, S., von Laer, D., & Miholits, M. (2021). Characterization of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses Using a Multiplex Bead-Based Immunoassay. Vaccines, 9(6), 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060611

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