Telomere Length Shortening in Microglia: Implication for Accelerated Senescence and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. Cell Viability Assay
2.3. RNA Extraction
2.4. Gene Expression Analysis Using Real Time PCR (QPCR)
2.5. Analysis for Telomere Length
2.6. Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
2.7. Mitochondrial Respiration
2.8. Immunofluorescent Staining
2.9. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Measurement
2.10. Raman Spectroscopy
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of cART on TL and Telomerase/TRF-1 Gene Expression in HIV Patients
3.2. Effect of cART on mtDNA Expression in HIV Patients
3.3. Effect of HIV Tat and cART on TL in Microglia
3.4. Effect of HIV Tat and cART on Telomerase Gene Expression in Microglia
3.5. Effect of HIV Tat on TRF-1 Expression in Microglia
3.6. Effect of HIV Tat on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β Expression in Microglia
3.7. Effect of HIV Tat and cART on Mitochondrial Energetics
3.8. Effect of HIV Tat on ROS Production
3.9. Effect of cART on Metabolic Changes in HTHU and HTHU/HIV Microglia Quantified by Raman Spectroscopy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hsiao, C.-B.; Bedi, H.; Gomez, R.; Khan, A.; Meciszewski, T.; Aalinkeel, R.; Khoo, T.C.; Sharikova, A.V.; Khmaladze, A.; Mahajan, S.D. Telomere Length Shortening in Microglia: Implication for Accelerated Senescence and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV. Vaccines 2021, 9, 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070721
Hsiao C-B, Bedi H, Gomez R, Khan A, Meciszewski T, Aalinkeel R, Khoo TC, Sharikova AV, Khmaladze A, Mahajan SD. Telomere Length Shortening in Microglia: Implication for Accelerated Senescence and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV. Vaccines. 2021; 9(7):721. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070721
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsiao, Chiu-Bin, Harneet Bedi, Raquel Gomez, Ayesha Khan, Taylor Meciszewski, Ravikumar Aalinkeel, Ting Chean Khoo, Anna V. Sharikova, Alexander Khmaladze, and Supriya D. Mahajan. 2021. "Telomere Length Shortening in Microglia: Implication for Accelerated Senescence and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV" Vaccines 9, no. 7: 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070721