Removal of Microplastics in a Hybrid Treatment Process of Ceramic Microfiltration and Photocatalyst-Mounted PES Spheres with Air Backwashing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Removal of Microplastics in Ceramic Microfiltration Water Treatment Process
3.1.1. Impact of Organic Matter Concentration (Humic Acid, HA)
3.1.2. Impact of Microplastic (MP) Concentrations
3.2. Removal of Microplastics in Hybrid Water Treatment Processes of Ceramic Microfiltration (MF) and Photocatalyst (TiO2)-Mounted PES Spheres
3.2.1. Roles of Microfiltration and Photocatalytic Adsorption, Photooxidation in Periodic Air Backwashing
3.2.2. Impact of Air Backwashing Cycle (FT, Filtration Time)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Membrane Model | NCMT-7231 |
---|---|
Pore size (μm) | 0.1 |
No. of channels | 1 |
Outer diameter (mm) | 8 |
Inner diameter (mm) | 6 |
Length (mm) | 270 |
Surface area (cm2) | 50.9 |
Material | α-alumina |
Company | Nano Pore Materials (Seoul, Korea) |
HA (mg/L) | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rm × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.479 | 0.667 | 0.579 | 0.624 |
Rb × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.021 | 0.080 | 0.046 | 0.217 |
Rf,180 × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.139 | 0.388 | 0.422 | 0.465 |
Rif × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.247 | 0.032 | 0.108 | 0.154 |
Rrf × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.123 | 0.356 | 0.334 | 0.311 |
J0 (L/m2h) | 145 | 163 | 183 | 146 |
J180 (L/m2h) | 247 | 213 | 175 | 189 |
J180/J0 | 0.589 | 0.754 | 0.739 | 0.772 |
Vt (L) | 2.85 | 2.54 | 2.24 | 2.10 |
HA (mg/L) | 20 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MP (mg/L) | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 15 |
Rm × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.619 | 0.579 | 0.585 | 0.632 | 0.594 |
Rb × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.032 | 0.046 | 0.117 | 0.149 | 0.098 |
Rf,180 × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.341 | 0.274 | 0.359 | 0.492 | 0.315 |
Rif × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.153 | 0.163 | 0.013 | 0.046 | 0.032 |
Rrf × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.188 | 0.111 | 0.347 | 0.446 | 0.283 |
J0 (L/m2h) | 165 | 186 | 168 | 142 | 178 |
J180 (L/m2h) | 244 | 256 | 226 | 203 | 230 |
J180/J0 | 0.678 | 0.732 | 0.743 | 0.697 | 0.768 |
Vt (L) | 2.24 | 2.86 | 2.38 | 2.19 | 2.53 |
Process | MF | MF+UV | MF+PES | MF+UV+PES |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rm × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.583 | 0.524 | 0.530 | 0.532 |
Rb × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.025 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.013 |
Rf,180 × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.393 | 0.277 | 0.261 | 0.242 |
Rif × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.035 | 0.045 | 0.008 | 0.015 |
Rrf × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.358 | 0.232 | 0.253 | 0.227 |
J180 (L/m2h) | 1072 | 1190 | 1171 | 1165 |
J0 (L/m2h) | 676 | 817 | 810 | 811 |
J180/J0 | 0.624 | 0.685 | 0.691 | 0.697 |
VT (L) | 11.6 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.5 |
Experimental Condition | Turbidity (NTU) | Average Treatment Efficiency (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HA (mg/L) | Process | Feed Water | Treated Water | |||
Range | Average | Range | Average | |||
20 | MF+PES+UV | 15.0–18.6 | 16.8 | 1.130–1.330 | 1.225 | 92.5 |
MF+PES | 13.2–14.7 | 13.9 | 0.880–1.350 | 1.051 | 92.5 | |
MF+UV | 8.1–16.0 | 13.5 | 1.130–1.270 | 1.180 | 90.7 | |
MF | 11.3–13.9 | 13.0 | 1.120–1.580 | 1.255 | 90.2 |
Experimental Condition | UV254 Absorbance (cm−1) | Average Treatment Efficiency (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HA (mg/L) | Process | Feed Water | Treated Water | |||
Range | Average | Range | Average | |||
20 | MF+PES+UV | 0.023–0.045 | 0.034 | 0.001–0.010 | 0.007 | 79.7 |
MF+PES | 0.023–0.045 | 0.033 | 0.017–0.027 | 0.023 | 32.8 | |
MF+UV | 0.020–0.037 | 0.025 | 0.013–0.018 | 0.016 | 32.6 | |
MF | 0.025–0.049 | 0.034 | 0.016–0.027 | 0.023 | 29.1 |
Fraction of Treatment Efficiency | MPs (Turbidity) | HA (UV254 Absorbance) |
---|---|---|
Membrane filtration (%) (MF) | 90.2 | 29.1 |
Adsorption (%) (MF+PES)-(MF) | 2.3 | 3.7 |
UV photooxidation (%) (MF+UV)-(MF) | 0.5 | 3.5 |
Photooxidation with PES beads (%) (MF+PES+UV)-(MF+PES) | 0 | 46.9 |
Total treatment efficiency (%) (MF+PES+UV) | 92.5 | 79.7 |
FT (min) | NBF | 30 | 20 | 10 | 8 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rm × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.565 | 0.562 | 0.563 | 0.556 | 0.562 | 0.568 |
Rb × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.041 | 0.086 | 0.062 | 0.025 | 0.048 | 0.042 |
Rf,180 × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.764 | 0.606 | 0.451 | 0.470 | 0.483 | 0.677 |
Rif × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.043 | 0.086 | 0.052 | 0.089 | 0.065 | 0.077 |
Rrf × 10−9 (kg/m2s) | 0.721 | 0.520 | 0.419 | 0.381 | 0.427 | 0.600 |
J0 (L/m2h) | 1049 | 985 | 1018 | 1095 | 1046 | 1043 |
J180 (L/m2h) | 467 | 594 | 650 | 647 | 649 | 570 |
J180/J0 | 0.445 | 0.590 | 0.636 | 0.588 | 0.612 | 0.540 |
Vt (L) | 9.96 | 10.88 | 11.37 | 11.51 | 11.23 | 10.32 |
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Song, M.; Park, J.Y. Removal of Microplastics in a Hybrid Treatment Process of Ceramic Microfiltration and Photocatalyst-Mounted PES Spheres with Air Backwashing. Membranes 2024, 14, 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14080169
Song M, Park JY. Removal of Microplastics in a Hybrid Treatment Process of Ceramic Microfiltration and Photocatalyst-Mounted PES Spheres with Air Backwashing. Membranes. 2024; 14(8):169. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14080169
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Minjoo, and Jin Yong Park. 2024. "Removal of Microplastics in a Hybrid Treatment Process of Ceramic Microfiltration and Photocatalyst-Mounted PES Spheres with Air Backwashing" Membranes 14, no. 8: 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14080169